A detrimental conclusion drawn by the fact-finder from a party’s failure to produce evidence that is within the party’s control. • Some courts allow the inference only if the party’s failure is attributable to bad faith. — Also termed adverse presumption. Cf. SPOLIATION(1).
reasonable inference rule 合理推断规则 一项证据规则，指审判人员不但应当考虑庭审时出示的各项实物证据及证词，而且应当把合理作出的各种推断作为证据综合考虑。
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inference-on-inference rule. The principle that a presumption based on another presumption cannot serve as a basis for determining an ultimate fact. [Cases: Criminal Law 306; Evidence 54. C.J.S. Evidence §§ 130, 132–133, 1341.]
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legitimate inferences 合法推论；合法推断 指从某种证据必然得出的推论；从证据合理、合法地推出的结论。
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inferred promises 推定允诺；默示允诺 指通过沉默或行为而非言词所表达的允诺。某人的沉默有时可推定为接受，有时可推定为拒绝(如对反要约〔counteroffer〕的沉默)，这最终依案件的具体情势而定。
de coelo usque ad inferos (dee see-loh [schwa]s-kwee ad in-f[schwa]r-ohs). [Latin] From heaven to the center of the earth. • This phrase expressed a common-law maxim about the extent of a real-property owner’s ownership interest in the property.
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pyramiding inferences, rule against. Evidence. A rule prohibiting a fact-finder from piling one inference on another to arrive at a conclusion. • Today this rule is followed in only a few jurisdictions. Cf. REASONABLE-INFERENCE RULE. [Cases: Criminal Law 306; Evidence 54. C.J.S. Evidence §§ 130, 132–133, 1341.]
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