federal instrumentality, n. 1. A means or agency used by the national government. [Cases: United States 53. C.J.S. United States §§ 83, 88–95.] 2. A national agency or other entity immune from state control.
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furnishing instrumentality for commission of crime 为犯罪提供手段或工具
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governmental instrumentality 〈美〉政府机构 指依据宪法或法律成立的机构，行使重要的政府职能，免除税款或惩罚性赔偿金等一定责任。 (→administrative agency; governmental agency; governmental subdivision)
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dangerous instrumentality 危险物；危险工具 指自身即具有固有的潜在危险之物，如枪支；或指虽本身不具有危险但因操作使用的疏忽而使其具有潜在危险之物，如船舶。在操作使用危险物时应适当注意，以避免对毗邻的财产或人身造成可合理预见的损害，否则，即使其无过错，仍应承担责任。在实践中，僱员操作使用危险工具而对第三人造成损害时，僱主应承担严格责任。 (→dangerous weapon；deadly weapon；inherently dangerous)
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instrumentality rule. The principle that a corporation is treated as a subsidiary if it is controlled to a great extent by another corporation. — Also termed instrumentality theory.
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A constitutionally or legislatively created agency that is immune from certain kinds of liability, as for taxes or punitive damages. [Cases: United States 53. C.J.S. United States §§ 83, 88–95.]
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instrumentality, n. 1. A thing used to achieve an end or purpose. 2. A means or agency through which a function of another entity is accomplished, such as a branch of a governing body.
criminal-instrumentality rule. The principle that when a criminal act is committed, that act — rather than the victim’s negligence that made the crime possible — will be considered to be the crime’s proximate cause.
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instrumentality rule 工具规则 主要适用于美国公司法中。其含义是指：若一公司的组织或其事务在很大程度上受另一公司控制，从而沦为后一公司的工具，则前一公司被视为后一公司的附属子公司，不具有独立的法人人格，由后一公司对前一公司的债务承担责任。它与「alter ego」，「piercing the corporate veil」等具有相同的性质。
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dangerous instrumentality. An instrument, substance, or condition so inherently dangerous that it may cause serious bodily injury or death without human use or interference. • It may serve as the basis for strict liability. See ATTRACTIVE-NUISANCE DOCTRINE. Cf. deadly weapon under WEAPON. [Cases: Negligence 305–307, 1172–1178. C.J.S. Negligence §§ 170, 176–179, 399, 476–477, 494–526.]
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