legal doctrines， principles， and rules 法律原理、原则和规则 这三个术语并无确切的含义，用法也不固定，但都被用来指各种法律规范，只不过在含义的广泛性表达方面有些差异。「原理」〔doctrine〕含义最广，它一般用来指一个由相关规范构成的实质性体系，它们有着共同的主题，是某些特定情形或特定领域内原则、规则和准则的有机结合，由此组成一个在逻辑上相互联系的体系，基于这种体系和逻辑内涵便可展开推理。这方面的一个典型例子是英美合同法中的约因理论和公共政策原理。「原则」是指一种概括性的规范，用来论证、统一、解释各种更为具体的规则及其适用，并作为进一步推理的权威出发点。例如僱主必须对其僱员的安全尽合理注意的原则，违约方应对定约时应在其考虑范围之内的后果负责等。「规则」一般指更为具体的规范，它可以将法律后果直接加诸某些事实，如遗嘱必须有两个证人见证才能有效的规则等。
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protective principle. An international-law doctrine that a sovereign state has the power to assert jurisdiction over a person whose conduct outside its boundaries threatens its security or could interfere with the operation of its government functions.
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dual-criminality principle. The rule prohibiting the international extradition of a fugitive unless the offense involves conduct that is criminal in both countries. [Cases: Extradition and Detainers 5.]
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The principle that an act is wrong in a specific instance if, when raised to a general level of conduct, it would injure humanity.
principles of law 法律的(基本)原则 指不能为个别或具体的法律规则所涵盖，而在司法判决中作为司法推理的权威性起点的一般性原则。法律的基本原则，按照传统的法理解释，往往是法官在个案规则的基础上或法律学者着作基础上运用归纳法总结而成。但是当代的知识论已经批驳了这种机械经验主义的谬见。与具体的法律规则相比，法律原则更为抽像、粗泛，因而适用起来更为灵活，原则与原则之间也会出现冲突，这时候需诉诸更为抽像和广泛的原则。法律原则〔a principle of law〕与法律信条〔doctrine of law〕(亦可译作「法律原则」)的区别更多体现在语义、语汇的不同选择上，而并不存在逻辑或法律基础的差异，因而往往也互为易用。
The doctrine by which a foreign nation’s immunity does not apply to claims arising from the nation’s private or commercial acts, but protects the nation only from claims arising from its public functions. See COMMERCIAL-ACTIVITY EXCEPTION; JURE GESTIONIS; JURE IMPERII. [Cases: International Law 10.33. C.J.S. International Law §§ 46–48.]
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link-in-chain principle. Criminal procedure. The principle that a criminal defendant’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination protects the defendant not only from answering directly incriminating questions but also from giving answers that might connect the defendant to criminal activity in the chain of evidence. [Cases: Criminal Law 393. C.J.S. Criminal Law § 645.]
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new-rule principle. Criminal procedure. A doctrine barring federal courts from granting habeas corpus relief to a state prisoner because of a rule, not dictated by existing precedent, announced after the prisoner’s conviction and sentence became final. — Also termed nonretroactivity principle. See HABEAS CORPUS . [Cases: Courts 100(1). C.J.S. Courts §§ 147–148.]
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indemnity principle. Insurance. The doctrine that an insurance policy should not confer a benefit greater in value than the loss suffered by the insured. [Cases: Insurance 2104.]
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restrictive principle of sovereign immunity. The doctrine by which a foreign nation’s immunity does not apply to claims arising from the nation’s private or commercial acts, but protects the nation only from claims arising from its public functions. See COMMERCIAL-ACTIVITY EXCEPTION; JURE GESTIONIS; JURE IMPERII . [Cases: International Law 10.33. C.J.S. International Law §§ 46–48.]
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