national treatment. Intellectual property. The policy or practice of a country that accords the citizens of other countries the same intellectual-property protection as it gives its own citizens, with no formal treaty of reciprocity required. • The principle of national treatment underlay the first international intellectual-property treaties in the 19th century, the Paris and Berne […]
national treatment Read More »
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development/OECD 经济合作与发展组织 国际性的政府间组织，总部设于巴黎。其前身为1948年成立的欧洲经济合作组织〔Organization for European Economic Co-Operation/O.E.E.C.〕。1960年12月14日，18个欧洲国家及加拿大、美国签订了《经济合作与发展组织公约》〔Convention of the O.E.C.D.〕，该公约于1961年9月30日生效，同时日本、芬兰、澳大利亚和新西兰也成为该组织的正式成员，此后，匈牙利、波兰、捷克、俄国、韩国先后加入，使该组织成员国已扩大到目前的29个。该组织的宗旨是推动经济的发展、促进国际贸易、以及提高成员国和非成员国的生活水平。
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development/OECD Read More »
credential. (usu. pl.) 1. A document or other evidence that proves one’s authority or expertise. 2. A testimonial that a person is entitled to credit or to the right to exercise official power. 3. The letter of credence given to an ambassador or other representative of a foreign country. 4. Parliamentary law. Evidence of a
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. The arm of the United Nations charged with promoting the exchange of educational, scientific, and cultural enterprises among nations. • Its Copyright Law Division administers the Universal Copyright Convention. — Abbr. UNESCO.
united nations educational scientific and cultural organization Read More »
writ of covenant. Hist. A writ for one claiming damages as a result of a breach of a promise under seal or other covenant. — Also termed breve de conventione (breev orbree-vee dee k[schwa]n-ven-shee-oh-nee). “The writ of covenant (breve de conventione) is not mentioned by Glanvill; but it appears within a short time after the
carriage of goods by air 航空货物运输 以航空器为运载工具进行的货物运输。其中，国际航空货物运输基本上由国际条约加以调整。这类国际条约主要包括1929年《华沙公约》〔Warsaw Convention〕、1955年《海牙议定书》〔Hague Protocol〕和1961年《瓜达拉哈拉公约》〔Guadalajara Convention〕。其中《华沙公约》是国际航空运输领域最重要、最基础的条约，后二者是对《华沙公约》的补充和修订。《华沙公约》规定了国际航空运输中适用的标准化单证、承运人对货物灭失和损害的责任及豁免事由和责任限制、索赔与诉讼时效、管辖权等事项。在英国，通过1961年《航空运输法》〔Carriage by Air Act〕将上述前两项条约的内容纳入英国法律。国内航空运输依国内法所规定的条件适用国际规则。
carriage of goods by air Read More »
Berne-plus, adj. Copyright. Of or relating to a copyright-treaty provision that affords greater intellectual-property protection than the minimum required by the Berne Convention, either by granting stronger rights or by extending protection to new forms of subject matter. • The term arose during negotiations over the TRIPs Agreement, reflecting the principle that the treaty should
subrogation n. 代位 指由一人取代另一人的地位而对第三人依法请求给付或主张权利、要求补救或担保等。在债权债务关系中，若某人代为偿付债务，则其取代债权人的地位，可以对债务人行使债权人的一切权利，与其未代为偿付时原债权人对债务人的权利相同。代位通常发生于建筑合同、保险合同、保证以及流通票据法中。保险中的代位，如某人已投保的船舶因他人过错而致撞毁，则其可从保险人处取得保险金而恢复船舶价值，从而由保险人代位行使船舶所有权人的权利，以向造成船舶毁损者提起诉讼。代位是衡平法上的一种制度设计，以使债或义务能最终清偿，而又使偿付债务者不致显失公平。代位分为两种，即协商代位(或称合同代位)〔conventional subrogation〕与法定代位〔legal subrogation〕，前者是通过债权人与第三人的行为而明示的代位，后者则是由于法律实施而产生的代位或默示的代位，例如保证人的代位。 (→conventional subrogation; legal subrogation; equitable subrogation)
acclamation. Parliamentary law. 1. Approval or election by general consent, usu. demonstrated by applause or cheering. • Election by acclamation is common in large conventions where only one candidate has been nominated. 2. Voting by applause or shouting.
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act. Maritime law. A 1936 federal statute regulating a carrier’s liability for the loss or damage, and sometimes the delay, of ocean cargo shipped under a bill of lading. 46 USCA §§ 1300–1315. • The Act defines many of the rights and responsibilities of both the issuers and the holders
carriage of goods by sea act Read More »