A judge’s bias toward one or more of the parties to a case over which the judge presides. • Judicial bias is usu. insufficient to justify disqualifying a judge from presiding over a case. To justify disqualification or recusal, the judge’s bias usu. must be personal or based on some extrajudicial reason. [Cases: Judges 49. […]
bias, n. Inclination; prejudice; predilection (the juror’s bias prompted a challenge for cause). — bias, vb. — biased, adj. actual bias. Genuine prejudice that a judge, juror, witness, or other person has against some person or relevant subject. Cf. implied bias. implied bias. Prejudice that is inferred from the experiences or relationships of a judge,
Prejudice that is inferred from the experiences or relationships of a judge, juror, witness, or other person. — Also termed presumed bias. Cf. actual bias.
Genuine prejudice that a judge, juror, witness, or other person has against some person or relevant subject. Cf. implied bias.
bias n. 偏见；成见；倾向；预断；先入为主的观点 指对争议的一方存在赞成或反对的个人的且通常是不合理的判断的主观状态。在诉讼中它会使法官在案件审理中不能公正地履行职责。因此，避免存在实际的或明显的偏见是司法权行使过程中的一个重要方面。如果法官与案件有任何金钱上的利害关系，就不应参与案件的审理，不管这种利害关系有多小或多么间接，并且法官的任何表明其具有偏见的表述都将可能使判决无效。但作为使法官回避的理由的偏见，通常指法官对诉讼的一方当事人存在某种主观上的倾向或预断，而非法官对诉讼标的可能存在的任何观点。
actual bias 实际的偏见 在法律上指陪审员的一种思想状态，它使法官在行使正确的自由裁量权时确信这种思想状态的存在会使该陪审员不能公正地审理案件，而且会使提出异议的当事人的实体权利受到损害。
discrimination n. 区别对待；歧视 就其作为中性词而言，discrimination(区别对待)是大多数法的目的。法律旨在将善行〔good or useful conduct〕与恶行〔harmful conduct〕分别开来。因而，通常必须将允许或禁止从事某一行为的人进行区分，例如，某些人饮酒有害，法律规定青少年不得饮酒。就本质而言，区别对待并非违宪。不过discrimination在目前的用法中，非指中性，而常被用作贬义。它指授予某些人特权或因种族、年龄、性别、民族、信仰或残疾剥夺某些人权利的法律或惯例的后果，或者指没有正当理由，不平等地对待各方。美国联邦法律、法院判例和州法禁止因种族、年龄、性别、民族等在僱佣、选举、公共教育、信贷〔extension of credit〕、住房〔housing〕等方面实行歧视待遇。 (→bias; disparate treatment; equal protection clause; equal protection of the laws; invidious discrimination; price discrimination; protected class; reverse discrimination)