effect
effect v. (1)使发生;产生;造成 (2)实现;完成 (3)实施;执行 n. (4)结果 (5)效果;作用;影响 (6)(法律、协议等的)实施;生效 (7)(复)财物;动产
effective date. The date on which a statute, contract, insurance policy, or other such instrument becomes enforceable or otherwise takes effect, which sometimes differs from the date on which it was enacted or signed.
effective, adj. 1. (Of a statute, order, contract, etc.) in operation at a given time (effective June 1). • A statute, order, or contract is often said to be effective beginning (and perhaps ending) at a designated time. 2. Performing within the range of normal and expected standards (effective counsel). 3. Productive; achieving a result
take effect, vb. 1. To become operative or executed. 2. To be in force; to go into operation.
cumulative-effects doctrine. The rule that a transaction affecting interstate commerce in a trivial way may be taken together with other similar transactions to establish that the combined effect on interstate commerce is not trivial and can therefore be regulated under the Commerce Clause. [Cases: Commerce 7(2). C.J.S. Commerce § 6.]
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ad effectum sequentem (ad i-fek-t[schwa]m si-kwen-t[schwa]m). [Law Latin] To the effect following.
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chilling effect doctrine 〈美〉寒蝉原则;抑制原则 指某一法律或行为〔practice〕抑制宪法性权利〔constitutional rights〕,尤其是为美国宪法第一条修正案所保护的权利行使的倾向或后果。在美国不必然产生此种效果的制定法通常被认定并不违宪。美国最高法院大法官弗利克斯·法兰克福特〔Felix Frankfurter〕于1952年首次使用该隐喻,他在附和否决一项教师效忠宣誓〔teacher loyalty oath〕的判决意见中称,一部有关颠覆组织成员资格的法律具有「抑制」〔chill〕思想和行为自由〔freedom of thought and action〕倾向;而确切的「chilling effect」一词首先出现在美国最高法院1961年的一份判决中,由首席大法官厄尔·沃伦〔Earl Warren〕从哈佛大学法学院教授保罗·弗罗因德〔Paul Freund〕的一篇文章援引而来。此后,美国最高法院在近百起案件中运用此隐喻认定这些法律对言论自由具有「寒蝉」效果。例如,一部禁止参加某一「知名颠覆分子」〔known Subversives〕所属组织的法律,其用语太过宽泛,使得人们心存被不正当归类或因之遭受惩罚的疑虑,而怯于加入所有合法组织。换言之,为避免触犯法律,倾向于自责而不敢行使权利。
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ineffective assistance of counsel 〈美〉律师的帮助无效 帮助无效不仅指被告败诉,而是指律师帮助的质量很差,以至于他从整体上忽视了履行其责任。依宪法第六条修正案,刑事被告人应有律师帮助其进行辩护。「律师的帮助无效」可成为指责判决的理由。
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affectus sine effectu (e-fek-t[schwa]s sI-nee e-fek-t[y]oo). [Latin “an intention without effect”] Hist. An intention that is not carried out.
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