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sham exception

sham exception. An exception to the Noerr–Pennington doctrine whereby a company that petitions the government will not receive First Amendment protection or an exemption from the antitrust laws if its intent in petitioning the government is really an effort to harm its competitors rather than to obtain favorable governmental action. See NOERR–PENNINGTON DOCTRINE; sham action

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consolidation

consolidation, n. 1. The act or process of uniting; the state of being united. 2. Legislation. The combination into a single statutory measure of various legislative provisions that have previously been scattered in different statutes. 3. Civil procedure. The court-ordered unification of two or more actions, involving the same parties and issues, into a single

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