improper feuds
improper feuds (英格兰古法)次生封地 指由纯军役保有地〔proper feud〕派生发展而来的封地类型。一般是指上级领主为了充分履行其军事方面的役务而以其它条件分封出去的土地，这些条件可能是由其属下支付一定数量的价金或履行某种低贱的役务，或者是以地租代军役，可以无相互许可而转让，不分男女地在后嗣中继承等。 (→proper feud(s))
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improper means of discovery
improper means of discovery. Trade secrets. A wrongful way of figuring out a competitor’s trade secret, as by misrepresentation, eavesdropping, or stealing.
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improper cumulation of actions
improper cumulation of actions. Hist. Under the common-law pleading system, the joining of inconsistent causes of action in one proceeding. • This is permitted under most modern pleading systems.
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improper use doctrine
improper use doctrine 不当使用原则 专利法中的一项原则，又称「污手原则」〔unclean hand doctrine〕。依此原则，专利权人无权就他人向使用其专利的被许可人提供非专利材料要求救济。尽管专利权人与被许可人之间订立有约定——即与该专利相关的任何非专利材料均应向专利权人购买，但专利权人仍无权要求被许可人遵守该约定。
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improper navigation
improper navigation 不当航行 船舶以违反航行规则的方式进行的航行；处于不适航状态的船舶的航行。
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improperly obtained evidence
improperly obtained evidence 不正当地收集的证据；以不正当手段获得的证据(→illegally obtained evidence)
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