noxal
noxal (nok-s[schwa]l), adj. Archaic. Of or relating to a claim against a father or owner for damage done by a son, a slave, or an animal.
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noxal liability
noxal liability (罗马法)对本人的子女、奴隶、动物所造成损害的责任 如果本人的子女或奴隶或本人的动物给他人造成了损害，则作为父亲或主人的本人应负责赔偿或将其子女、奴隶或动物交由受害人处置。
noxa
noxa (nok-s[schwa]), n. [Latin “injury”] Hist. 1. Roman law. A harm done or an offense committed such as injury to a person or property, esp. by a slave or son. • This gave rise to noxal liability. 2. Roman law. The obligation to pay for damage committed by a son, slave, or animal. • The
noxal action
noxal action.[fr. Latin actio noxalis “injurious action”] 1. Roman law. The claim against an owner or father for a tort committed by a son, a slave, or an animal. • The head of the family could be sued either to pay a penalty due or to surrender the tortfeasor to the injured party. Roman law
actio noxalis
actio noxalis 〈拉〉(罗马法)伤害之诉 因被告的子女、妻子、奴隶或动物的行为而遭受损害，要求取得赔偿的诉讼。被告可选择将奴隶或动物作为赔偿交给原告，也可选择金钱赔偿方式。
noxa
noxa 〈拉〉(古)伤害；损害 １在罗马法中，该词可用于指对他人财产或人身的损害，尤指奴隶或家子造成的损害，也指对家子、奴隶或牲畜所造成的损害承担赔偿责任的义务；２泛指各种违法犯罪行为及其惩罚；３对人身有害之物。
in mancipio
in mancipio (in man-sip-ee-oh), adj. [Latin] Roman law. In a state of civil bondage. • This status applied to a son whose father was sued in a noxal action and settled the claim by handing over his son. See NOXAL ACTION(1).
mancipium
mancipium (man-sip-ee-[schwa]m), n. [Latin “a slave”] Roman law. 1. A slave, esp. by virtue of being captured by an enemy in war. 2. A temporary quasi-servile status, necessarily occurring in an emancipation, and also when a father noxally surrendered a son to answer for a delict. See EMANCIPATION; NOXAL ACTION(1). “But if the patria potestas