excessive penalty
excessive penalty 〈美〉超额罚金(→excessive fine)
Search Results for: PENAL
marriage penalty
marriage penalty. Tax. The difference between the greater income-tax liability owed by a married couple filing a joint income-tax return and the lesser amount they would owe had they been single and filed individually. • A marriage penalty exists whenever a married couple is treated disadvantageously under a tax code in comparison with an unmarried
bill of pains and penalties
bill of pains and penalties 特别处刑法案 １在英国，通常由上院(有时也可由下院)提出，对某一(类)特定个人不经普通方式审判即处以刑罚的法案，此种法案包括两类：褫夺公民权法案〔bill of attainder〕和特别处罚法案。两类法案的主要区别在于：前者仅适用处以死刑的叛国罪或重罪，而后者则适用于处以死刑以下的叛国罪或重罪及其严重渎职犯罪。不过两类法案中的被处刑者都有权请律师为自己辩护并可请证人作证。一般认为1820年针对女王卡罗琳〔Queen Caroline〕的法案是最后的特别处罚法案。２在美国，指对罪犯不经司法审判而直接由立法机关处以死刑以下刑罚的一种法案形式。此种法案除处刑较处以死刑的褫夺公民权法案〔bill of attainder〕轻外，其他方面完全相同，两类法案都在美国宪法禁止之列。(→bill of attainder)
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International Association for Penal Law
International Association for Penal Law 国际刑法协会 成立于1924年，旨在促进从事刑法研究及实务的人员之间的合作，研究犯罪及其成因与矫正，推进国际刑法在理论与实践上的发展。其定期出版物是《国际刑法评论》〔Revue Internationale de Droit Penal〕。
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penal servitude
penal servitude 〈英〉劳役刑 1853年取代14年以下流刑的一种将罪犯监管起来并强迫其劳动的刑罚。它可以由有权机关决定在任何地点执行，其刑期与流刑刑期有关，但短于流刑的刑期，最低刑期为3年，并且不得赦免。1857年的一项法令恢复了同流刑相应的刑期，并且可以根据提前释放、破格释放而得到赦免。该制度包括三个阶段：即在本顿维尔监狱〔Pentonville〕或其他地方监狱内的隔离囚禁；监狱工场的集体劳动；凭特许证予以释放。1926年的一项法令赋予了法院在某些案件中对罪犯施以劳役刑以替代监禁刑的权力。劳役刑与苦役监禁刑〔imprisonment with hard labour〕的区别在于：后者只能在监狱的围墙内执行，并且不能超过2年，至多3年。1948年劳役刑和苦役监禁刑都被取消。
penal sum
penal sum. The monetary amount specified as a penalty in a penal bond. See penal bond under BOND(2).
penal redress
A form of penal liability requiring full compensation of the injured person as an instrument for punishing the offender; compensation paid to the injured person for the full value of the loss (an amount that may far exceed the wrongdoer’s benefit). See RESTITUTION(4).
prepayment penalty
A charge assessed against a borrower who elects to pay off a loan before it is due. [Cases: Bills and Notes 429; Usury 61. C.J.S. Bills and Notes; Letters of Credit §§ 100, 234–236, 238; Interest and Usury; Consumer Credit § 172.]
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