prisoner’s dilemma. A logic problem — often used by law-and-economics scholars to illustrate the effect of cooperative behavior — involving two prisoners who are being separately questioned about their participation in a crime: (1) if both confess, they will each receive a 5-year sentence; (2) if neither confesses, they will each receive a 3-year sentence; […]
prisoner’s dilemma Read More »
imprisonment for debt 债务拘禁 在英国早期，债权人可以因任何数额的债务，甚至是数额极微的债务而拘捕债务人。债务人将被关在王室内务法庭监狱〔Marshalsea〕或弗利特监狱〔Fleet〕中，直到其亲友为其还债方可获释。1827年《因债务而受监禁法》〔Imprisonment for Debt Act〕规定，任何人不得因少于20英镑的债务且仅有说明欠有该数目债务的宣誓书而依中间令状〔mesne process〕被拘捕。1838年《判决法》〔Judgments Act〕取消了在民事诉讼中依中间令状拘捕债务人的做法，除非有例外情况。1869年《债务人法》〔Debtors Act〕几乎完全废除了因债务引起的监禁。美国多数州的宪法都禁止债务拘禁。
imprisonment for debt Read More »
A restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent. • False imprisonment is a common-law misdemeanor and a tort. It applies to private as well as governmental detention. Cf. false arrest under ARREST. [Cases: False Imprisonment 2.]
false imprisonment Read More »
calling upon a prisoner 要求在押被告人陈述理由 当依大陪审团起诉书裁定在押被告人有罪时，由法院书记官向其告知并要求其陈述不应对其作出判决的理由。
calling upon a prisoner Read More »
prison n. 监狱 现代监狱的前身是16世纪开始在英国建立的收容教养院〔house of refuge or workhouse〕。其最初的职能是把失业者、流浪者和违法犯罪少年监管起来，组织他们从事生产，学习劳动技能。后经不断发展演变，逐渐形成了现行的监狱制度。英国的监狱隶属于内务大臣，在内务大臣之下设立监狱委员会主管全国狱政。所有监狱官员及视察委员会〔board of visitors〕成员均由内务大臣任命。英国的监狱兼具羁押候审被告人和执行自由刑的双重职能。根据英国监狱法的规定，英国监狱分为地方监狱、已决犯监狱、预防性关押监狱、青少年教养感化院、国立醉徒教养所。美国的监狱分联邦和州两个系统，分别隶属于司法部和各州的司法行政机构。州监狱系统由两部分构成。一类是州监狱〔state prison〕，关押被判1年以上监禁刑的重罪犯；另一类是地方看守所〔local jail〕，关押被判1年以下监禁刑的轻罪犯和等待审判的未决犯。两个世纪以来，美国监狱制度的发展与改革，可以分为三个时期，即隔离悔罪型，如费城制和奥本制；教育改造型，如爱尔密拉制；社区参与型，如监放中心和中间监所两种形式。
prisoner of conscience. Int’l law. A person who, not having used or advocated the use of violence, has been imprisoned by reason of a political, religious, or other conscientiously held belief or by reason of ethnic origin, sex, color, or language.
prisoner of conscience Read More »
prisoner of war. A person, usu. a soldier, who is captured by or surrenders to the enemy in wartime. — Also termed captive. — Abbr. POW.