antedating of a prior-art reference. Patents. The removal of a publication, a U.S. patent, or a foreign patent cited as prior art against the application by filing an affidavit or declaration establishing the applicant’s completion of the invention in this country, or in another NAFTA or WTO member country, before the effective date of the […]
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A court’s reference of a case to a referee for decisions on specific questions of fact. • The special referee makes findings and reports them to the trial judge, who treats them as advisory only and not as binding decisions. [Cases: Reference 12. C.J.S. References § 20.]
fraudulent preference 欺诈性特惠；虚假的优先权 行将破产的债务人给予个别债权人不合理的优惠(如优先清偿其债务)，从而损害了其他债权人的公平受偿权。根据英国《破产法》〔Bankruptcy Act〕及《公司法》〔Companies Act〕，如果债务人在向他人优先偿付债务、转让财产等6个月之内破产的，则该行为属于欺诈并无效。
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maternal-preference presumption. Family law. The belief that custody of a child, regardless of age, should generally be awarded to the mother in a divorce unless she is found to be unfit. • Most jurisdictions no longer adhere to the maternal-preference presumption. — Also termed maternal-preference doctrine. Cf. PRIMARY-CAREGIVER DOCTRINE; TENDER-YEARS DOCTRINE.
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surrender of a preference. Bankruptcy. The yielding of a voidable conveyance, transfer, assignment, or encumbrance by a creditor to the trustee as a condition of allowing the creditor’s claim. [Cases: Bankruptcy 2824. C.J.S. Bankruptcy § 239.]
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National Criminal Justice Reference Service/NCJRS 〈美〉全国刑事审判参考服务处 司法部国家法律实施和刑事审判研究所，1972年成立。
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A preferred shareholder’s right, once the corporation is liquidated, to receive a specified distribution before common shareholders receive anything. [Cases: Corporations 629. C.J.S. Corporations §§ 875–878.]
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parental-preference doctrine. The principle that custody of a minor child should ordinarily be granted to a fit parent rather than another person. • The preference can be rebutted by proof that the child’s best interests are to the contrary. — Also termed parental-rights doctrine; parental-superior-rights doctrine; parental-presumption rule. Cf. BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD. [Cases:
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reference to the record 案卷编号 诉讼开始时，按照年份、原告姓氏的第一个字母、地区用数字编入记录簿，以后有关此案件的各种文件都用此编号。
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reference in case of need 需要时的保证人 签发或背书转让汇票时，有时加上另一个人的姓名，在需要的时候〔in case of need〕，即承兑人或原付款人拒付时，可向此人出示汇票。
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