glossary

Hand formula

A balancing test for determining whether conduct has created an unreasonable risk of harm, first formulated by Judge Learned Hand in United States v. Carroll Towing Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947). • Under this test, an actor is negligent if the burden of taking adequate precautions against the harm is outweighed by the […]

Hand formula Read More »

customary freeholds

customary freeholds (英格兰古法)特许公簿地产(权);自由公簿地产(权) 是一种经过特许的农奴制或农奴土地保有形式,区别于一般公簿地产权之处在于保有人是依据习惯而非领主的意志保有土地。其转让亦是通过弃让〔surrender〕和接纳〔admittance〕的方式进行,另外相关的习惯、附属权利和义务亦与普通公簿地产权类似。特许公簿地产分两种:1自由保有在领主的自由公簿地产〔free copyhold〕,它通过弃让与接纳方式转让;2自由保有在保有人的习惯自由保有地产〔customary freehold〕,其转让除需弃权与接纳仪式外,还需出让人与受让人之间有转让契据。特许公簿地产几乎仅存在于英格兰北部,亦被称作「tenant right」。另外,「customary freeholds」一词有时也被不精确地用来指原本是自由保有性质但转让方式却受特定习惯制约的地产。特许公簿地产1822年之后转为了农役保有地产。 (→copyhold; surrender; admittance; tenant-right)

customary freeholds Read More »

Scroll to Top