fact-finding
n. 查明事实 法庭对每一案件必须进行的一项程序。对案件必须先查明事实，然后才能适用相关的法律，作出判决。查明事实主要是重现已发生过的事情。在这一程序中，各方当事人提出允许提出的证据；各方当事人向对方证人进行交叉询问；然后各自说明其提供的证据足以证明某项事实；法官明示或默示地作出关于事实的裁决，指出某些事实已被证实，某些事实未被证实。这一程序包含对证人证言的真实性和可靠性的认定，对相互矛盾的证据的判断等。查明事实程序有时会遭遇困难，诸如证人失踪或死亡、记忆失误、偏见、不诚实、信函遗失等，甚至包括法官的偏见。查明的「事实」可能不是实际发生过的事实的重现。陪审团似乎困难更大，因为他们极少对某项事实作出明确的裁决，而只是笼统地作出对原告有利或不利的裁断。
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