libelous per se
直接或当然诽谤 文字明显具有诽谤性，原告可以据此直接起诉而不必证明已遭受特定损害；发行物具有当然诽谤性质，其内容必须是法律已能推定原告在财产、人格、名誉、营业以及家庭和社会关系等方面遭受损失。
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