knock and announce rule 〈美〉敲门并告知规则 指在执行逮捕或搜查时，法律要求警察在进入公民住宅之前应当先敲门，并向其告知自己的合法身份及进入的目的。该规则起源于17世纪英格兰的一个判例。该判例确认郡长为执行国王的传票而要强行进入私宅之前，应当先说明其目的，并要求户主将门打开。现在美国大多数州的法律都规定，只有警察已首先宣布了自己的合法身份及目的，并被拒绝进入后，方可强行进入公民住宅。
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no-retreat rule. Criminal law. The doctrine that the victim of a murderous assault may use deadly force in self-defense if there is no reasonable alternative to avoid the assailant’s threatened harm. • A majority of American jurisdictions have adopted this rule. Cf. RETREAT RULE. [Cases: Homicide 769.]
perfect tender rule 〈美〉完全履行规则 依《统一商法典》〔U.C.C.〕的规定，出卖人应完全履行合同，否则买受人有权拒绝接受，即买受人可以拒绝受领全部或部分货物，也可以先接受有瑕疵的货物，然后再诉请赔偿。
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Federal Rules Decisions 〈美〉《联邦诉讼规则判例》 《全国判例汇编系统》〔National Reporter System〕的组成部分，刊载从1938年起有关解释和适用《联邦民事诉讼规则》、《联邦刑事诉讼规则》、《联邦上诉程序规则》及《联邦证据规则》的联邦法院判决。此外，它还包括对有关规则的修改、联邦法院的仪式程序〔ceremonial proceedings〕以及有关联邦法院诉讼程序与实践的论文。
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missing-evidence rule. The doctrine that, when a party fails at trial to present evidence that the party controls and that would have been proper to present, the jury is entitled to infer that the evidence would have been unfavorable to that party. [Cases: Evidence 74. C.J.S. Evidence §§ 165, 168.]
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The principle that a person who has been missing without explanation for at least seven years is legally presumed dead. Cf. ENOCH ARDEN LAW.
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rule of marshaling assets 〈美〉债权清偿顺序规则 一项衡平规则，要求在享有优先受偿权的债权人有两项或两项以上资金可用于清偿其债务时，应首先以后顺位债权人无权受偿的那项资金获得清偿。该规则旨在防止享有优先受偿权的债权人选择以后顺位债权人唯一可从中受偿的资金来获得清偿，从而造成后顺位债权人得不到任何清偿的不公平结果。
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discovery rule. Civil procedure. The rule that a limitations period does not begin to run until the plaintiff discovers (or reasonably should have discovered) the injury giving rise to the claim. • The discovery rule usu. applies to injuries that are inherently difficult to detect, such as those resulting from medical malpractice. See STATUTE OF
shop-book rule 〈美〉账簿规则 如果账簿中的记载事项是在通常的商业活动过程中作出的，且由保管该账簿的人提出，则账簿中的原始记录可以作为传闻规则的例外而被采纳为证据。
mandate rule. The doctrine that, after an appellate court has remanded a case to a lower court, the lower court must follow the decision that the appellate court has made in the case, unless new evidence or an intervening change in the law dictates a different result. [Cases: Appeal and Error 1195(1); Federal Courts 950.