cognovit (kog-noh-vit). [Latin “he has conceded (a debt or an action)”] An acknowledgment of debt or liability in the form of a confessed judgment. • Formerly, credit contracts often included a cognovit clause in which the consumer relinquished, in advance, any right to be notified of court hearings in any suit for nonpayment — but […]
guiltless, adj. 1. Free from guilt; not having committed a wrong (guiltless of the crime). 2. Having the quality or appearance of innocence (even though she confessed, the defendant looked guiltless).
Lex Duodecim Tabularum 〈拉〉《十二铜表法》 公元前451-450年间由罗马共和国制定的一部现存最早的成文法典，因刻于十二块板子上而得名。第一表：传唤〔De in jus vocando〕；第二表：审理〔De judiciis〕；第三表：执行〔De aere confesso rebusque judicatis〕；第四表：家长权〔De jure patrio〕；第五表：继承和监护〔De heareditatibus et tuelise〕；第六表：所有权和占有〔De dominio et possessione〕；第七表：土地和房屋〔De jure aedium et agrorum〕；第八表：私犯〔De delicto〕；第九表：公法〔De jure publico〕；第十表：宗教法〔De jure sacro〕；第十一表：前五表的补充〔supplementum 5 priorarum tabularum〕；第十二表：后五表的补充〔supplementum 5 posteriorarum tabularum〕。 (→Twelve Tables)
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extrajudicial, adj. Outside court; outside the functioning of the court system (extrajudicial confessions). — Also termed out-of-court.
Duke of Exeter’s Daughter. A torture rack in the Tower of London, named after the Duke of Exeter, Henry VI’s minister who assisted in introducing it to England. — Also termed brake. “The rack … to extort a confession from criminals, is a practice of a different nature …. And the trial by rack is
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debet sine breve (dee-bet ordeb-et sI-nee breevorbree-vee), n. [Law Latin “debt without a writ”] 1. An action for debt commenced under a bill rather than a writ. 2. A debt confessed by judgment. — Abbr. d.si.ib. — Also termed debitum sine breve; debit sans breve. See CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT.
avoidance, n. 1. The act of evading or escaping (avoidance of tax liability). See TAX AVOIDANCE. 2. The act of refraining from (something) (avoidance of an argument). 3. RESCISSION(1). 4. VOIDANCE; 5. ANNULMENT(1) (avoidance of the agreement). 6. CONFESSION AND AVOIDANCE (the defendant filed an avoidance in an attempt to avert liability). — avoid, vb.
judicial (joo-dish-[schwa]l), adj. 1. Of, relating to, or by the court or a judge (judicial duty) (judicial demeanor). 2. In court (the witness’s judicial confession). 3. Legal (the Attorney General took no judicial action). 4. Of or relating to a judgment (an award of judicial interest at the legal rate). Cf. JUDICIOUS. quasi-judicial. See QUASI-JUDICIAL.
Bruton error 〈美〉布鲁顿错误 在对共同犯罪的被告人进行合并审判〔joint trial〕时发生的一种错误，即在共同被告人〔codefendant〕未在法庭上作证，且被告人主张自己无罪的情况下，将共同被告人所作的牵涉到被告人的认罪供述〔confession〕作为证据采纳。它侵犯了被告人享有的与对己不利的证人对质〔confrontation〕的宪法性权利。该名称得自于布鲁顿诉美国〔Bruton v. United States〕一案。
Bruton error (broot-[schwa]n). The violation of a criminal defendant’s constitutional right of confrontation by admitting into evidence a nontestifying codefendant’s confession that implicates both of them, where the statement is not admissible against the defendant under any exception to the hearsay rule. • The error is not cured by a limiting instruction to the jury