A complaint that modifies and replaces the original complaint by adding relevant matters that occurred before or at the time the action began. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). • In some circumstances, a party must obtain the court’s permission to amend its complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). — Also termed substituted complaint. Cf. supplemental […]
fall of the hammer. An auctioneer’s closing of bidding (the bureau will be sold at the fall of the hammer). • Traditionally, an auctioneer bangs a hammer, gavel, or other object when bidding is closed. In some circumstances, such as online auctions, a verbal announcement that bidding is closed substitutes.
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implied delivery 默示交付 指虽不构成对转让财产的实际占有，但法律推定与实际交付等同的行为，包括象征性交付〔symbolical delivery〕和替代交付〔substituted delivery〕。