A system of transferable preferential voting in a multi-representative election. See preferential vote under VOTE(1); single transferable vote under VOTE(1). — Also termed proportional representation.
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testamentum (tes-t[schwa]-men-t[schwa]m), n. [Latin] Roman law. A will. • In early and classical law, the mancipatory will was standard. It was still used in the Later Empire but in A.D. 446, the holographic will was accepted in the Western Empire. A will could also be made by registration on the court acta. See holographic will,
经理 英语：manager 法语：dirigeant, gérant, chef d’entreprise, cadre 德语：Manager 意大利语：gerente, direttore, dirigente, amministratore 西班牙语：director, gerente
A note for which multiple makers are jointly, but not severally, liable for repayment, meaning that the payee must legally look to all the makers together for payment of the debt. See joint liability under LIABILITY. [Cases: Bills and Notes 120. C.J.S. Bills and Notes; Letters of Credit§§ 81, 83, 249.]
ne urbs ruinis deformetur (nee [schwa]rbz roo-I-nis di-for-m[schwa]-t[ schwa]r). [Latin] Scots law. Lest the city should be disfigured by ruinous houses. • The phrase appeared in reference to the jurisdiction of the Dean of Guild, who presided over construction projects, to order repairs to or demolition of unsafe buildings.
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A remedy, usu. a nonmonetary one such as an injunction or specific performance, obtained when available legal remedies, usu. monetary damages, cannot adequately redress the injury. • Historically, an equitable remedy was available only from a court of equity. — Also termed equitable relief. See IRREPARABLE-INJURY RULE. [Cases: Injunction 17; Specific Performance 1. C.J.S. Injunctions
privy (priv-ee), n. pl. A person having a legal interest of privity in any action, matter, or property; a person who is in privity with another. • Traditionally, there were six types of privies: (1) privies in blood, such as an heir and an ancestor; (2) privies in representation, such as an executor and a
Probate designed to operate with minimal input and supervision of the probate court. • Most modern probate codes encourage this type of administration, with an independent personal representative. — Also termed independent probate. Cf. independent executor under EXECUTOR. [Cases: Executors and Administrators 3(1). C.J.S. Executors and Administrators §§ 7, 9–10.]