确认，证实
确认，证实 英语：affirm 法语：affirmer, assurer 德语：bestätigen, bekräftigen, genehmigen 意大利语：affermare, confermare, approvare, convalidare 西班牙语：declarar, afirmar
Search Results for: FIRMA
reverse discrimination
Preferential treatment of minorities, usu. through affirmative-action programs, in a way that adversely affects members of a majority group. See AFFIRMATIVE ACTION. [Cases: Civil Rights 1033(3), 1232. C.J.S. Civil Rights §§ 18, 20, 23–24, 64–65.]
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nullity
nullity (n[schwa]l-[schwa]-tee). 1. Something that is legally void (the forged commercial transfer is a nullity). [Cases: Contracts 98, 135. C.J.S. Contracts §§ 137, 139–140, 145, 153–155, 157, 171, 173–174, 185, 188, 280.] 2. The fact of being legally void (she filed a petition for nullity of marriage). absolute nullity. Civil law. 1. An act that
negative statute
A law prohibiting something; a law expressed in negative terms. Cf. affirmative statute.
电子（数字）签名
电子（数字）签名 英语：electronic (digital) signature (Internet) 法语：signature électronique, cybersignature 德语：elektronische Unterschrift 意大利语：firma elettronica 西班牙语：firma digital
volenti non fit injuria
volenti non fit injuria (voh-len-tI non fit in-joor-ee-[schwa]). [Law Latin “to a willing person it is not wrong,” i.e., a person is not wronged by that to which he or she consents] The principle that a person who knowingly and voluntarily risks danger cannot recover for any resulting injury. • This is the type of
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averment
averment ([schwa]-v[schwa]r-m[schwa]nt), n. A positive declaration or affirmation of fact; esp., an assertion or allegation in a pleading (the plaintiff’s averment that the defendant ran a red light). Cf. ASSEVE-RATE. immaterial averment. An averment that alleges something in needless detail; a statement that goes far beyond what is in issue. • This type of averment
special relationship doctrine
special-relationship doctrine. The theory that if a state has assumed control over an individual sufficient to trigger an affirmative duty to protect that individual (as in an involuntary hospitalization or custody), then the state may be liable for the harm inflicted on the individual by a third party. • This is an exception to the
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contract specification defense
contract-specification defense. An affirmative defense that immunizes a contractor from liability for a defect in a product when the contractor has manufactured or performed according to detailed contractual orders. • The defense applies to specialized, single-use components and protects a component supplier from claims of negligent design if the component conforms to the contractual specifications
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senatorial courtesy
senatorial courtesy. 1. The tradition that the President should take care in filling a high-level federal post (such as a judgeship) with a person agreeable to the senators from the nominee’s home state, lest the senators defeat confirmation. [Cases: Judges 3. C.J.S. Judges §§ 12–14.] “The risk of a deadlock is minimized by [the President’s]
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