Search Results for: IMITATION

voucher

glossary / , ,

voucher n. (1)书证；收据 用以证明交易情况的文据，尤指付款凭证。根据英国高等法院衡平分庭〔Chancery Division〕的司法实践，当某案件在法官室〔chamber〕内审理时，该案所牵涉的会计账目核对并非绝对严格。只有2英镑或更多金额的支付方才要求会计方出具凭单证明，低于2英镑的小额支付则只需会计方的口头誓言即可资证明。 (2)(土地权利的)担保证明 在旧时英国地产法中，当某土地占有人被起诉要求返还土地时，该占有人得要求传唤某证人出庭证明其对争议土地的权利。该证人曾在此诉讼前向土地占有人担保后者对于土地的合法权利。因此，诉讼中的被告，即土地占有人得要求该证人为其提供抗辩证据，或在该证人无法作证时要求其转让同等价值的土地作为补偿。该证人因此之故被称为「vouchee」。双重担保证明〔double voucher〕是指土地权利担保证明人在被土地占有人要求传唤出庭作证或转让土地作为补偿时，可要求传唤向其提供土地权利担保的第二担保证明人出庭作证或在向土地占有人作出补偿后向第二担保证明人追索。在阻却限嗣继承的拟制诉讼〔common recovery〕中，虚拟的担保证明人往往临时由法庭传唤员充任，因此该庭吏被称为「合意担保证明人」〔common vouchee〕。根据1883年《地产时傚法》〔Real Property Limitation Act〕，自由保有人〔freeholder〕恢复地产之诉讼程序〔real action〕被废除，土地权利担保证明程序亦不复存在。 (→common recovery；freeholder; real action)

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descent cast

glossary / , ,

descent cast (1)无遗嘱死亡者的不动产的继承 (2)〈英〉侵占土地所有权的继承取得 某人侵占或侵入他人土地，在其死亡时仍由其占有，其继承人即通过继承而取得该土地实际所有人的权利，土地的实际所有人只能通过诉讼来恢复其权利。该项原则已被1833年《不动产时傚法》〔Real Property Limitation Act〕取消。

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light work

glossary /

Work that involves some limited lifting and moving. • Under the Social Security Administration regulations for describing a worker’s physical limitations, light work includes walking, standing, sitting while pushing or pulling arm or leg controls, and lifting no more than 20 pounds, with frequent lifting or carrying of objects that weigh up to 10 pounds.

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nobility

glossary /

nobility, n. pl. 1. Persons of social or political preeminence, usu. derived by inheritance or from the sovereign. • In English law, there are various degrees of nobility, or peerage, such as dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons, and their female counterparts. Nobility is generally created either by a writ of summons to sit in

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adverse dominion

glossary /

adverse dominion. 1. See ADVERSE-DOMINATION DOCTRINE. 2. Torts. Rare. The unlawful exercise of authority or control over goods so that the true owner is dispossessed. See CONVERSION(2). 3. Rare. ADVERSE POSSESSION. [Cases: Limitation of Actions 58(4, 5). C.J.S. Limitations of Actions § 205.]

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include

glossary /

include, vb. To contain as a part of something. • The participle including typically indicates a partial list (the plaintiff asserted five tort claims, including slander and libel). But some drafters use phrases such as including without limitation and including but not limited to — which mean the same thing. See NAMELY.

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Hague Peace Conferences

glossary / ,

Hague Peace Conferences 海牙和平会议 指1899年和1907年在海牙召开的两次会议。第一次会议最为重要的成就在于通过了《和平解决国际争端公约》〔Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes〕等一系列公约，创建了常设仲裁法院〔Permanent Court of Arbitration; Panel of Arbitrators; Permanent Hague Court; Tribunal of the Hague〕。第二次会议通过了《限制用兵索取契约债务公约》〔Convention respecting the Limitation of the Employment of Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts〕、《陆战时中立国及人民权利义务公约》〔Convention respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land〕等一系列公约。两次海牙和平会议确立了国际问题可以而且应该通过和平方法和手段解决的原则。

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stale claim

glossary /

A claim that is barred by the statute of limitations or the defense of laches. — Also termed stale demand. [Cases: Equity 67; Limitation of Actions 1, 165. C.J.S. Equity §§ 128–132; Limitations of Actions §§ 2–4, 10–11.]

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