sudden onset rule
sudden-onset rule. The principle that medical testimony is unnecessary to prove causation of the obvious symptoms of an injury that immediately follows a known traumatic incident. [Cases: Damages 185(1). C.J.S. Damages §§ 308–310.]
Search Results for: CAUSATION
but for test
but-for test. Tort & criminal law. The doctrine that causation exists only when the result would not have occurred without the party’s conduct. — Also termed (in criminal law) had-not test. See but-for cause under CAUSE(1). [Cases: Criminal Law 26; Negligence 379. C.J.S. Criminal Law §§ 44–45, 1110.]
causality
causality (kaw-zal-[schwa]-tee), n. The principle of causal relationship; the relation between cause and effect (the foreseeability test is one of duty and of causality). — Also termed causation. — causal, adj.
causative
causative (kaw-z[schwa]-tiv), adj. 1. Effective as a cause or producing a result (causative factor of the ac-cident). 2. Expressive of causation (the causative relationship between drinking and assault). Cf. CAUSAL.
substantial factor test
substantial-factor test. Torts. The principle that causation exists when the defendant’s conduct is an important or significant contributor to the plaintiff’s injuries. Cf. BUT-FOR TEST. [Cases: Negligence 380.]
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连锁因果关系
连锁因果关系 英语：chain of causation 法语：lien de causalité 德语：Kausal- zusammenhang 意大利语：nesso causale 西班牙语：nexo causal
conjectural choice rule of
conjectural choice, rule of. The principle that no basis for recovery is presented when all theories of causation rest only on conjecture. See CONJECTURE. [Cases: Negligence 1694, 1713. C.J.S. Negligence §§ 834–841, 844, 846, 865.]
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causal
causal (kaw-z[schwa]l), adj. 1. Of, relating to, or involving causation (a causal link exists between the de-fendant’s action and the plaintiff’s injury). 2. Arising from a cause (a causal symptom). Cf. CAUSATIVE.
superseding cause
superseding cause 替代原因；介入原因 指由于第三人的行为或其他外力等不可预见的因素介入，打破了原来的因果链条〔chain of causation〕，并成为导致结果发生的最近的一个原因，从而使得原来的行为人，虽然其先前的疏忽是造成该损害结果发生的一个实质性因素，但由于该原因的介入而免于承担责任。 (→intervening cause; supervening negligence)
elements of crime
elements of crime 犯罪构成要件 指公诉方为支持公诉而必须予以证明的构成犯罪的要件。在普通法上，犯罪构成要件包括犯罪行为〔actus reus〕、因果关系〔causation〕和犯罪意图〔mens rea〕。美国《模范刑法典》〔Model Penal Code〕扩大了犯罪构成要件的范围，除犯罪行为、因果关系、犯罪意图外，还将决定罪行轻重的因素〔grading factors〕以及各种辩护理由的不能成立包括在内。