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misdemeanor manslaughter

glossary /

misdemeanor manslaughter. See MANSLAUGHTER. MISDEMEANOR-MANSLAUGHTER RULE misdemeanor-manslaughter rule. The doctrine that a death occurring during the commission of a misdemeanor (or sometimes a nondangerous felony) is involuntary manslaughter. • Many states and the Model Penal Code have abolished this rule. Cf. FELONY-MURDER RULE. [Cases: Homicide 620–652.] “Companion to the felony-murder rule is the so-called misdemeanor-manslaughter […]

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magistratus

glossary /

magistratus (maj-[schwa]-stray-t[schwa]s), n. [fr. Latin magister “a master”] Roman law. 1. A magistrate. 2. A magistrate’s office. “Magistratus. Denotes both the public office and the official himself. Magistracy was a Republican institution; under the Principate some magistratus continued to exist but with gradually diminishing importance; in the post-Diocletian Empire some former magistracies still exist but

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preliminary hearing

glossary / ,

preliminary hearing 〈美〉预审 刑事诉讼中由法官来审查对被告人的指控是否有充分的证据，从而决定是否应将被告人交付审判的程序。预审应由法官来主持，在联邦是由联邦司法官〔federal magistrate〕来主持。在预审程序中要查明三点：１是否有犯罪发生；２犯罪是否发生在法院的地域管辖区内；３是否有可成立的理由〔probable cause〕使人相信是被告人实施了该犯罪。预审的主要目的在于防止将起诉依据不充分的案件交付审判。在美国，重罪案件〔felony case〕的被告人有权要求进行预审。在对重罪案件是以检察官起诉书〔information〕提出指控的州，预审通常是一个关键的程序，预审的结果将决定诉讼是否继续进行。如果通过预审发现存在可成立的理由，预审法官将决定对被告人是否保释，并裁决将被告人交付初审法院审判。在对重罪案件是以大陪审团起诉书〔indictment〕提起公诉的州，预审法官经过预审，如果认为指控存在可成立的理由，即将案件送交大陪审团审查决定是否正式签发起诉书。在美国，预审并非刑事诉讼中的必经程序，如《联邦刑事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure〕规定，若在联邦司法官确定的预审日期之前已对被告人以检察官起诉书或大陪审团起诉书在联邦地区法院提起公诉的，即不应再进行预审。此外，被告人也可以放弃预审而直接进入审判程序。轻罪案件〔misdemeanor case〕的被告人是否有权请求预审，各司法区的规定不一。如在联邦，轻罪案件的被告人即无此项权利。该词也称preliminary examination; probable cause hearing; examining trial; felony preliminary; bindover hearing。在英国，刑事诉讼中的预审程序称committal proceedings。

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malicious mischief

glossary /

malicious mischief. The common-law misdemeanor of intentionally destroying or damaging another’s property. • Although modern statutes predominantly make this offense a misdemeanor, a few make it a felony (depending on the nature of the property or its value). See Model Penal Code § 220. 3. — Also termed malicious mischief and trespass; malicious injury; malicious

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crime

glossary / ,

crime n. 犯罪 指具有社会危害性，并应受到刑罚处罚的作为或者不作为。也即统治者认为危害了国家、社会以及公共利益，并以国家的名义通过刑事诉讼程序加以惩处的违法行为。狭义上的犯罪不包括轻罪，仅指更为严重的犯罪。构成犯罪的一般要件是：首先要求被指控人实施了非法和犯罪行为或者放任了他能够而且应当制止的事情的发生，或在依法应当作为时而不作为以及企图从事非法和犯罪行为的未遂；其次，作为或不作为应带有主观因素，即通称的犯意〔mens rea〕。根据犯罪的法律渊源和依据不同，可以将犯罪分为普通法上的犯罪和制定法上的犯罪。根据犯罪的严重程度不同，可以将犯罪分为重罪〔felony〕、轻罪〔misdemeanor〕和微罪〔petty offense〕。犯罪一般同违背道德是一致的，但也有例外。如违反交通规则或者行政规章，本质上并不违背道德，但受到刑事法规的禁止。犯罪与侵权的唯一本质区别在于：犯罪由刑事法庭通过刑事诉讼程序进行施以刑罚的处理；而侵权则是通过民事诉讼程序加以解决，最终只能施以返还财产、赔偿损害及其他民事救济办法。

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dueling

glossary /

dueling, n. The common-law offense of fighting at an appointed time and place after an earlier disagreement. • If one of the participants is killed, the other is guilty of murder, and all who are present, abetting the crime, are guilty as principals in the second degree. [Cases: Criminal Law 45.30. C.J.S. Dueling §§ 2–3.]

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