examination n. (1)(对证人的)询问 (→direct examination; cross-examination) (2)(对破产人的)询问 尤指在第一次债权人会议上就破产人的债务和资产情况进行的询问。 (3)审问；讯问 刑事诉讼中治安法官对被指控犯罪并被逮捕的人进行的讯问和调查，以确定是否有充分的根据允许其保释候审。 (4)预审 刑事诉讼中为确定是否应将被指控犯罪的人提交审判而进行的预备听审 。(→preliminary hearing) (5)(专利法)审查 专利局对申请专利的发明创造是否具有新颖性和实用性，以及是否侵犯他人的专利权进行的审查。 (6)调查；检查；审查 预备购买不动产者对该不动产的产权说明书〔abstract of title〕进行的审查，以查明该不动产产权的历史及现状。
preliminary examination. 1. EXAMINATION(3). 2. PRELIMINARY HEARING.
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A reexamination procedure, created in the early 1980s, that allows a challenger to initiate a review by producing prior art and responding to a patentee’s statements regarding the new prior art, but that excludes the challenger from further participation in the examination process. • Ex parte reexamination does not employ discovery mechanisms, and witnesses are
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substantive examination. Patents. A patent examiner’s in-depth study of a patent application to determine whether a patent should be granted.
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competitive civil-service examination. A test designed to evaluate a person’s qualifications for a civil-service position. • This type of examination may be open to all those seeking civil-service employment, or it may be restricted to those civil servants seeking a promotion. See CIVIL SERVICE. [Cases: Officers and Public Em-ployees 11. 3. C.J.S. Officers and Public
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A written test that a person must pass before being licensed to practice law. • The exam varies from state to state. — Often shortened to bar. [Cases: Attorney and Client 6. C.J.S. Attorney and Client § 18.]
Patents. A patent office’s initial review of an application, usu. to see whether the specification is properly set out and to prepare a search report. [Cases: Patents 104. C.J.S. Patents §§ 145–147, 149–151, 173–175.]
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direct examination 直接询问；主询问 在庭审或其他程序中，传唤证人到庭的一方当事人首先对该证人进行的询问。 (→examination in chief; cross-examination)
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separate examination (1)单独询问 在由有关官员对已婚妇女进行询问，以确认其在某一契据或其他文件上的签字的真实性时，应秘密或在其丈夫听不到的条件下进行，以确保其出于自愿，并无受到其丈夫的胁迫或强制。 (2)分别询问；单独询问 指询问证人时，应秘密或在本案其他证人听不到的条件下进行，以免互相影响。
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competitive civil service examination 标准化公务员考试指一种有客观标准的测试，可以供任何人参加，也可以仅供文职人员参加作为晋陞的考核标准。
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