contract of affreightment
contract of affreightment (海上)运输合同(→affreightment; charter of affreightment)
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Search Results for: Harter Act
Anglo-Indian Codes
Anglo-Indian Codes 〈英〉《英印法典》 指依1833年《宪章法》〔Charter Act〕任命的法律委员会于19世纪中后期制定的、适用于印度各等级人的法律的统称。先后包括《印度刑法典》〔Indian Penal Code〕、1859年《民事诉讼法典》〔Codes of Civil Procedure〕、1861年《刑事诉讼法典》〔Codes of Criminal Procedure〕、1865年《继承法》〔Succession Act〕、1872年《证据法》〔Evidence Act〕及《合同法》〔Contract Act〕、1877年《特定救济法》〔Specific Relief Act〕、1881年《流通票据法》〔Negotiable Instruments Act〕、1882年《印度信托法》〔Indian Trusts Act〕及《财产转让法》〔Transfer of Property Act〕。除了由印度教或伊斯兰教宗教法决定的事项外，这些法典为铺平印度与巴基斯坦法律现代化的道路作出了重大的贡献。英印法典还影响了苏丹与尼日利亚的法律。
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municipal officer
A person who occupies a municipal office — usu. mandated by statute or charter — and who may be required to take an oath and exercise sovereign authority in carrying out public duties, with compensation incident to the office irrespective of the actual services rendered. [Cases: Municipal Corporations 123. C.J.S. Municipal Corporations §§ 328, 330.]
Dartmouth College Case
Dartmouth College Case 〈美〉达特茅斯学院案 即美国最高法院于1819年判决的达特茅斯学院诉伍德沃德案〔Dartmouth College v. Woodward〕。达特茅斯学院在1769年经皇家许可批准在新罕布什尔州〔New Hampshire〕推广教育。1816年，政府和教会冲突之后，该州立法机关〔legislature〕制定法律，修改1769年创立此学院的皇家特许状〔royal charter〕，把学院改为「大学」，改变其内部管理程序，并对学校管理施加外部和公共制约，学院拒绝并抗议立法机关违宪，滥用授权，违反了合同义务。最高法院将该学院划归为私法人〔private corporation〕而不是公法人〔public corporation〕。私法人的特许状〔charter〕属合同性质，受宪法第一条第十款合同条款〔Contract Clause〕的保护，该州不得妨害其履行，并认为该州的法律违宪。该案的判决确立了这样一个原则：依法人权力〔corporate power〕为公共目的向私人团体进行捐赠的行为，构成美国宪法意义上的合同，州立法机关不得制定法律削弱此合同的义务。
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confirmatio chartarum
Confirmatio Chartarum (kon-f[schwa]r-may-shee-oh kahr-tair-[schwa]m). [Latin “confirmation of the charters”] Hist. A declaration first made by Henry III in 1225 confirming the guarantees of Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest. • It was not enrolled until 1297, when, during the reign of Edward I, it was enacted, thus introducing these charters into the common
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diploma
diploma. 1. Roman law. A letter giving permission to use the imperial post. 2. Hist. A royal charter; letters patent. 3. A document that evidences or memorializes graduation from a school or society. Cf. DEGREE(6). [Cases: Schools 178. C.J.S. Schools and School Districts §§ 803–806.] 4. A document that evidences a license or privilege to
conquest
conquest. 1. Int’l law. An act of force by which, during a war, a belligerent occupies territory within an enemy country with the intention of extending its sovereignty over that territory. • That intention is usu. explained in a proclamation or some other legal act. 2. Hist. The acquisition of land by any method other
securities investor protection corporation
Securities Investor Protection Corporation. A federally chartered corporation established under the Securities Investor Protection Act to protect investors and help brokers in financial trouble. — Abbr. SIPC. See SECURITIES INVESTOR PROTECTION ACT . [Cases: Securities Regulation 185.11. C.J.S. Securities Regulation § 308.]
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self defense
self-defense, n. 1. The use of force to protect oneself, one’s family, or one’s property from a real or threatened attack. • Generally, a person is justified in using a reasonable amount of force in self-defense if he or she believes that the danger of bodily harm is imminent and that force is necessary to
dispatch money
Maritime law. An amount paid by a shipowner to a vessel’s charterer if the vessel’s cargo is unloaded at the port sooner than provided for in the agreement between the charterer and the shipowner. — Also termed dispatch. Cf. contract demurrage under DEMURRAGE. [Cases: Shipping 49(6). C.J.S. Shipping § 108.]