equitable defense
A defense formerly available only in a court of equity but now maintainable in a court of law. • Examples include mistake, fraud, illegality, failure of consideration, forum non conveniens, laches, estoppel, and unclean hands.
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irregularity
irregularity n. (1)违规行为 指诉讼进行中未按诉讼程序的常规行事，包括未在适当的时间进行某种行为及以不适当的方式进行某种行为。不同于「非法行为」〔illegality〕。 (→illegality) (2) (教会法)对某人就任圣职的任何妨害
policy
policy n. (1)政策；法的目的 源自拉丁文「politia」，其原意为国家、政府。指用以指导政府处理公共事务或者立法机关制定法律的一般原则。若其适用于某一制定法、法规、法律规则、诉因等，则是指与该国的社会或政治福利相联系而可能产生的结果、趋势或目标。因此，某些行为，除因违法〔illegality〕或不符合道德〔immorality〕外，还可以因为其具有危害性趋势并可导致国家、社会利益受损，故法律拒绝承认其效力或强制执行。这些行为就被认为「违反公共政策」〔against public policy〕。此外，在立法中，某一制定法的目的〔policy of a statute〕是指该法之所以通过或由议会制订的意图。 (→public policy) (2)保险单；保单(→insurance policy) (3)〈美〉波利希彩票 一种抽彩赌博。
act of state doctrine
act-of-state doctrine. Int’l law. The principle that no nation can judge the legality of a foreign country’s sovereign acts within its own territory. • As originally formulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1897, the doctrine provides that “the courts of one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of the government of
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failure of trust
The invalidity of a trust because the instrument creating it has a defect or because of its illegality or other legal impediment. [Cases: Trusts 68. C.J.S. Trover and Conversion §§ 129, 137.]
unlaw
unlaw, n. 1. A violation of law; an illegality. 2. Lawlessness. “But lawlessness is often a superficial phenomenon and whenever the duke was strong enough to keep the peace then law revived. We hear the same of England: times of ‘unlaw’ alternate with times of law.” 1 Frederick Pollock & Frederic W. Maitland, The History
leaute
leaute (low-tay), n. [Law French “legality”] Hist. Legality; the condition of a lawful man (legalis homo). See LEGALIS HOMO.
protest
protest, n. 1. A formal statement or action expressing dissent or disapproval. • Under some circumstances, a protest is lodged to preserve a claim or right. 2. A notary public’s written statement that, upon presentment, a negotiable instrument was neither paid nor accepted. — Also termed initial protest; noting protest. Cf. NOTICE OF DISHONOR. [Cases:
digital signature
A secure, digital code attached to an electronically transmitted message that uniquely identifies and authenticates the sender. • A digital signature consists of a “hashed” number combined with a number assigned to a document (a private-encryption key). Generating a signature requires the use of private- and public-key-encryption software, and is often activated by a simple
alegal
alegal, adj. Outside the sphere of law; not classifiable as being legal or illegal (the law often treats the promises of unmarried cohabitants as contractual words rather than alegal words of commitment). — alegality, n.