petition of right. 1. (cap.) One of the four great charters of English liberty (3 Car. (1628)), establishing that “no man be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or such like charge, without common consent by act of parliament.” • The other three great charters are Magna Carta, the Habeas Corpus […]
Competition between a seller and its competitors. • The Sherman Act prohibits unrea-sonable restraints on horizontal competition, such as price-fixing agreements between competitors. — Also termed primary-line competition.
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petition of right 〈英〉 (1)权利请愿书 1947年《王权诉讼法》〔Crown Proceeding Act〕颁布以前，臣民对英王或英王侍从侵占其土地或其他财产权的行为，不能直接向法院起诉，而只能向英王提出权利请愿书，要求恢复财产权。如英王在请愿书上批准「依据事实公平审理」〔fiat justitia〕，然后可由有关法院按照一般的法律原则审理这个案件。《王权诉讼法》颁布实施后，臣民完全可以通过对政府有关部门的诉讼起诉王室，权利请愿书这种机制也就被废止了。 (2)〔P- of R-〕《权利请愿书》 1628年议会通过的限制王权的法律文件，它规定了国王未经议会立法不得任意征税，未经一定程序不得任意监禁自由臣民，任何人不得被强迫接待士兵或海员入屋居住等。该文件是议会和查理一世进行斗争的结果，最终为查理一世所接受。
election petition court 〈英〉选举申诉法庭 由王座法庭的两名法官组成的法庭，在苏格兰由最高民事法院，在北爱尔兰由最高法院的法官组成。1868年以来，该法庭即依选民或落选候选人提出的基于诸如候选人资格等理由而对选举的效力表示异议的申诉进行审理。其判决要以报告形式交下议院议长，下议院依法律有接受义务，但下议院也可以按照旧规通过决议，仅将该报告记录在《议院公报》〔Journal of the House〕作为对申诉的处理。
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petition n. (1)申诉；申请 向法院或其他官方机构提交的正式书面文件，请求其行使职权以纠正不法行为或授予某种特权或许可或就特定事项采取司法措施等。如美国宪法第一条修正案和英国的《权利法案》〔Bill of Rights〕都确认公民有申诉的权利；债权人或债务人向破产法院提出的破产申请等。在英国，离婚或宣告婚姻无效的程序、破产程序、在上议院和枢密院进行的程序都是以申请开始的。此外，诉讼开始申请〔originating petition〕也是在高等法院衡平分庭提起诉讼的方式之一。 (2)〈美〉起诉状在部分州使用，相当于complaint。
petition for access. Patents. Application to inspect a patent application, made by someone who does not usu. have the authority to do so. • The petition must demonstrate a special need for access, and show that the applicant has been notified of the petition. The patent applicant is entitled to a hearing before access is
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repetition. Civil law. A demand or action for restitution or repayment. See SOLUTIO INDEBITI.
competition with mails 〈美〉邮政竞争罪 从事邮件的收取、运送和交递等邮政业务，与邮政部〔Post Office Department〕相竞争，损害邮政部对邮政业务的垄断〔monopoly〕行为而构成的犯罪。该罪是美国联邦法律规定的一种犯罪。
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A completely efficient market situation characterized by numerous buyers and sellers, a homogeneous product, perfect information for all parties, and complete freedom to move in and out of the market. • Perfect competition rarely if ever exists, but antitrust scholars often use the theory as a standard for measuring market performance.
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petition, n. 1. A formal written request presented to a court or other official body. certiorari petition. A petition seeking discretionary review from an appellate court. See CERTIORARI. debtor’s petition. See voluntary petition. involuntary petition. A petition filed in a bankruptcy court by a creditor seeking to declare a debtor bankrupt. • This type of