diplomatics. The science of deciphering and authenticating ancient writings. • The principles were largely developed by the Benedictine Dom Mabillon in his 1681 work entitled De re diplomatica. — Also termed diplomatic (n.). “Diplomatics, the science derived from the study of ancient diplomas, so called from being written on two leaves, or on double tablets. […]
acte (akt), n. [French] French law. 1. An instrument; a proof in writing, such as a deed, bill of sale, or birth cer-tificate. acte authentique (akt oh-tawn-teek). A deed executed with certain prescribed formalities, in the presence of a notary or other official. acte de décès (akt d[schwa] day-say). A death certificate. acte de francisation
authentication, n. 1. Broadly, the act of proving that something (as a document) is true or genuine, esp. so that it may be admitted as evidence; the condition of being so proved (authentication of the handwriting). [Cases: Criminal Law 444; Evidence 366–381.] 2. Specif., the assent to or adoption of a writing as one’s own.
investment banking. The business of underwriting or selling securities; esp., the marketing of new stocks or bonds. “The term ‘investment banking’ can be used to encompass [underwriting, and acting as a dealer, broker, and market maker], and any person in a firm performing any of those functions could be called an investment banker. By convention,
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liberties of the subject 〈英〉臣民的自由权 在联合王国，臣民或个人的自由权，法无明文保障，也无权威性的详尽阐述。一般原则是，个人只要不违反法律的禁止性规定或不损及他人的合法权利，即能言所欲言，为所欲为。这些自由权是长期以来通过一系列司法判决形成的。其中某些权利已纳入《大宪章》 (1215)〔Magna Carta〕、《权利请愿书》 (1628)〔Petition of Right〕、《权利法案》 (1628)〔Bill of Rights〕等主要法律文件中，得到更充分的保障，并应被视为自由权而非一般权利。由于议会拥有最高权力，任何自由权均得通过制定法予以解释、修改、剥夺或废除，但此类变更必须有明确的意图和表述，而且只有在紧急情况下，议会才会认真考虑限制某些自由权。公认的主要自由权有：１人身自由权〔right to personal liberty〕，以及不受拘留和迁移限制的自由(通过人身保护令状〔writ of habeas corpus〕和对非法拘禁的诉讼权得到保护)；２行为自由权〔right of freedom of conduct〕，法律明文禁止或妨碍社会秩序的除外；３言论、写作、出版和议论自由权〔right to freedom of speech, writing, publication, and discussion〕，但诽谤性言论或煽动暴乱、泄露官方机密的言论可被起诉或提起公诉；４宗教和政治信仰自由权〔right of freedom of conscience and of belief〕；５集会自由权〔right of public meeting〕，但不得有侵犯、妨碍社会安宁、制造动乱和非法集会等违法行为；６为合法目的结社，成立工会、合伙、公司等组织的自由权；７私有土地所有权、动产权、无形财产权，但应遵守税收、强制收购、征用等法律规定，并得为公共利益而受到限制；８选举权和被选举权；９起诉权和申诉权，并按公正司法程序和原则得到判决。某些要求，如工作权、罢工权不能称作权利。所谓工作权是指人们如果愿意，有工作的自由，但从一定能给予或得到工作的意义上说，这样的工作请求权是不存在的。所谓罢工权是指拒绝工作的自由权，常可构成违约，并不意味着能对他人提出要求。这两种所谓的权利都不对其他人设定义务。臣民的自由权可通过诉讼方式得到保障，其原则是法律的解释除有明确规定，应倾向于保护而不是干预个人自由，而且，即使是公共权力机构对自由的干预，也应符合法律和民意。《1948年联合国世界人权宣言》〔U.N.Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948〕和《1950年欧洲理事会人权公约》〔Council of Europe’s Convention on Human Rights of
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section. 1. A distinct part or division of a writing, esp. a legal instrument. — Abbr. §; sec.; s. 2. Real estate. A piece of land containing 640 acres, or one square mile. • Traditionally, public lands in the United States were divided into 640-acre squares, each one called a “section.” — Also termed section
archive, n. (usu. pl.) 1. A place where public, historical, or institutional records are systematically preserved. 2. Collected and preserved public, historical, or institutional papers and records. 3. Any systematic compilation of materials, esp. writings, in physical or electronic form. — archive, vb.
impeach, vb. 1. To charge with a crime or misconduct; esp., to formally charge (a public official) with a violation of the public trust (President Nixon resigned from office to avoid being impeached). • Impeaching a federal official, such as the President, the Vice President, or a judge, requires that a majority of the U.S.
right to petition. The constitutional right — guaranteed by the First Amendment — of the people to make formal requests to the government, as by lobbying or writing letters to public officials. — Also termed right of petition; freedom of petition. [Cases: Constitutional Law 91. C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 461–462, 466, 612–629.]
Copyright Act of 1909. A major revision of U.S. copyright law, extending the term of protection from 14 to 28 years (renewable for a second 28-year term); measuring the copyright term from the time of publication rather than the time of registration with the Copyright Office; and expanding coverage to all writings. • The Act
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