The doctrine that, if an administrative remedy is provided by statute, a claimant must seek relief first from the administrative body before judicial relief is available. • The doctrine’s purpose is to maintain comity between the courts and administrative agencies and to ensure that courts will not be burdened by cases in which judicial relief […]
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waiver by election of remedies. A defense arising when a plaintiff has sought two inconsistent remedies and by a decisive act chooses one of them, thereby waiving the other. [Cases: Election of Remedies 1. C.J.S. Election of Remedies §§ 2–3.]
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extraordinary remedies 特殊救济 这是与通过诉讼而获得的普通救济相对而言的，其中最主要的有调卷令〔certiorari〕，上级法院发给下级法院或其他公私团体的执行职务令〔mandamus〕，上级法院发给下级法院的禁令〔prohibition〕，追究某人凭借何种权力行使职权的令状〔quo warranto〕，人身保护令〔habeas corpus〕等一系列令状。现在美国联邦法院和大多数州法院中多数此类特别令状已被废除。
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rights and remedies 权利和救济 常用的法律对应语。但要求对方履约和要求自己免遭人身伤害、在对方违约或实施侵害行为时要求得到赔偿救济，实际上都是法律承认的权利，所以这个对应语是否存在及其含义所指都并不明晰。唯一可做的有效区分是原始权和继起权的区分，前者如合同的履行、免受侵权损害等，后者如损害赔偿、解除婚姻等。
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The rule that if one member of a class satisfies a requirement to exhaust administrative remedies, that is enough for all others similarly situated to be considered as having exhausted the remedies. — Often shortened to vicarious exhaustion. [Cases: Administrative Law 229.]
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waiver by election (of remedies) 因选择(补救方法)而产生的权利放弃 如果同时存在两种以上互相冲突的补救方法，则当事人有权选择其中之一。若当事人明知该等事实而决定选择其中一种补救方法的，那么也就意味着其对其他补救方法的放弃。
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joinder of remedies 救济请求的合并 指将可替换选择的不同请求予以合并，如对承担违约责任的请求与给付劳务报酬请求〔quantum meruit〕，或者将一项请求与另一项预期的请求合并，如债权人请求债务人返还借款与债权人请求确认第三人转让该项借款的担保财产的行为无效。
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doctrine of waiver by election of remedies 因选择补救方法而产生权利放弃的原则(→waiver by election (of remedies))
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The joinder of alternative claims, such as breach of contract and quantum meruit, or of one claim with another prospective claim, such as a creditor’s claim against a debtor to recover on a loan and the creditor’s claim against a third party to set aside the transfer of the loan’s collateral. [Cases: Action 43; Federal
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post-conviction remedies 〈美〉定罪后的补救 由联邦法院判处的罪犯，可以判刑违宪为由向原审法院申请撤销、废除或变更原判决。此项申请必须在罪犯请求人身保护令〔habeas corpus〕前提出。各州几乎都规定一项或多项定罪后的程序，允许罪犯对违宪案件提出申诉。许多州采用类似联邦法律的规定。其它州规定对违反宪法的案件可依人身保护令予以审理。有的州允许对某些类型的违宪案件适用本法院纠错令状〔writ of coram nobis〕。此外，有几个州已采用《统一定罪后程序法》〔Uniform Post Conviction Procedure Act〕。 (→habeas corpus)
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