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presidential pardon power

presidential pardon power 〈美〉总统赦免权 指美国宪法第二条第二款规定的总统所享有的赦免罪犯的权力。但赦免权仅以因触犯联邦法律所构成的犯罪为限,对触犯各州法律的罪犯,总统无赦免权。另外,对于弹劾案件,总统不享有赦免权。赦免权在设置之初的目的是作权力制衡制度〔system of checks and balances〕中的一种制约机制。不过,尽管制宪者已预见到此项权力有可能被滥用,并将弹劾案件作为例外排除在该项权力之外,但他们并没有预见到总统可以通过辞职而规避这一例外。在美国历史上,福特总统〔President Ford〕曾行使该项权力赦免了前总统尼克松〔President Nixon〕。巧妙之处在于尼克松以辞职避免了被弹劾,从而使福特总统行使赦免权成为可能。

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First President

First President 〈法〉首席院长 法兰西国王任命的高级司法官员,为巴黎高等法院〔parlement of Paris〕的真正首脑,他在全体法官出席庭审时主持审判,并在大法官缺席时在一些仪式性的场合作主持。他长期担任御前会议的重要成员,具有重要的司法职能。

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vice president

vice president, n. 1. An officer selected in advance to fill the presidency if the president dies, resigns, is removed from office, or cannot or will not serve. • The Vice President of the United States, who is elected at the same time as the President, serves as presiding officer of the Senate. On the

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