Search Results for: SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

administrative office of the united states courts

Administrative Office of the United States Courts. An office in the judicial branch of the federal government responsible for administering the nonjudicial business of the federal courts (except the Supreme Court), disbursing funds, collecting statistics, fixing certain salaries, and purchasing supplies and equipment. • Created in 1939, the Office is supervised by the Judicial Conference […]

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supreme court

supreme court. 1. (cap.) SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 2. An appellate court existing in most states, usu. as the court of last resort. [Cases: Courts 91(1). C.J.S. Courts §§ 151–152, 167–168.] 3. In New York, a court of general jurisdiction with trial and appellate divisions. • The Court of Appeals is the court

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judge

judge n. 法官 根据法律在法院审理和裁决案件、行使司法权的司法官员。英格兰的法官体系等级森严,而且许多法官可以流动。按照等级由高到低,英格兰的法官可分为以下几类:1御前大臣(也称大法官〔Lord Chancellor〕),为英格兰首席法律官员,同时身兼内阁成员及上议院议长;2皇家首席大法官〔Lord Chief Justice,简称为LCJ〕,为上诉法院刑事庭庭长,兼任高等法院王座庭的庭长;掌卷法官〔Master of the Rolls〕,简称「MR」,即上诉法院民事庭庭长;3上议院常任上诉法官〔Lords of Appeal in Ordinary〕,简称为Lord;4上诉法院法官〔Lord Justices of Appeal〕,简称为LJ;5高等法院法官〔High Court Judge〕,简称为J,有时也被称为普通法官〔Puisne Judge〕;高等法院设三个分庭,其中王座庭由皇家首席大法官主持,衡平庭由副大法官〔Vice-Chancellor,简称V-C〕主持,家事庭由家事庭庭长〔President of the Family Division〕主持;6巡回法官〔Circuit Judges〕,可在刑事法院和郡法院审理案件;7记录法官〔Recorders〕,可在刑事法院和郡法院审理案件;8地区法官〔District Judges〕,旧称「District Registrars」,可在郡法院审理某些案件;9治安法官〔Magistrates〕,又分为两种,一种是领薪治安法官〔Stipendiary Magistrates〕,从有经验的出庭律师或事务律师中选任;另一种是非职业治安法官〔Lay Magistrates〕,也称「Justices of the Peace」,不领薪,从无法律专业知识的普通人中选任。英国的法官通常都从有一定执业经验的出庭律师中选任,如具有10年以上执业经验的出庭律师才有可能被任命为高等法院法官,但事务律师有可能被任命为记录法官,以后还可升任巡回法官。高等法院法官以及更高级别的法官只有经过议会两院的同意方可被免职。美国宪法中没有规定法官的资格,也没有规定法官必须从律师中产生,但事实上所有联邦法官及最高法院大法官大都是律师界人物;而且美国的法官都固定配属于某个法院,这一点与英国的法官可以在不同法院间流动不同。在法官的产生上,美国存在任命制和选举制两种形式,即联邦的法官是任命的,各州法官通常是选举的,但也有某些州的法官由州立法机关或州议长任命。联邦法官一般均为终身职,除因「行为不端」等受国会弹劾外,不得免职。judge与justice在少数情况下可作为同义词互换使用,如美国最高法院大法官〔Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States〕在宪法中即被称为最高法院法官〔Judges of the Supreme Court〕。但作为一般规则来说,这两个词是不完全相同的,对法官的通称是judge,并且它包括了justice,但在一般语境中,justice不包括judge。在美国,对某一司法区中最高审级的法官通常称为justice,而对初审和中间上诉审的法官称为judge(但也有少数州例外,如纽约州初审法院的法官称justice,而上诉审法官称judge;在得克萨斯州,中间上诉法院的法官称justice,而在初审法院及最高审级的刑事法院,即刑事上诉法院中的法官称judge)。不过这种区分也不是绝对的,在具体情况下究竟使用哪一个词并不存在统一的依据,多数是因袭长期的或地方上的习惯,或由于宪法或制定法的强化。

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circuit riding

circuit-riding, n. The practice of judges’ traveling within a legislatively defined circuit to hear cases in one place for a time, then another, and so on. • The American practice of circuit-riding was based on the English eyre system, in which justices rode between the shire towns to hold assizes. “The Judiciary Act of 1789

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divided damages rule

divided-damages rule. Maritime law. The obsolete principle that when two parties are jointly liable to a third party for a tort, each party is liable for only half the damages. • The courts now apply a comparative-negligence standard. [Cases: Collision 143. C.J.S. Collision §§ 242, 245, 259, 261–262.] “For over a hundred years admiralty law

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pandering

pandering (pan-d[schwa]r-ing), n. 1. The act or offense of recruiting a prostitute, finding a place of business for a prostitute, or soliciting customers for a prostitute. — Also termed promoting prostitution. [Cases: Prostitution 1. C.J.S. Prostitution and Related Offenses §§ 2–4, 8–13, 17, 21–24.] 2. The act or offense of selling or distributing textual or

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successors

successors n. (复)接替者 在合同中用以表明可转让性〔assignability〕的术语。在美国,劳资关系委员会〔National Labor Relations Board〕一命令〔order〕中对该词的使用已得到美国最高法院〔United States Supreme Court〕的认可,但法院认为,接替者执行该委员会命令的责任更多的是取决于当事人间交易的性质,而非取决于命令的措辞。

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