An interpretation given at or near the time when a writing was prepared, usu. by one or more persons involved in its preparation. — Also termed practical construction; practical interpretation; contemporaneous and practical interpretation. See CONTEMPORANEOUS-CONSTRUCTION DOCTRINE. [Cases: Contracts 170; Statutes 218, 219(2). C.J.S. Contracts § 340; Statutes §§ 342, 344.]
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strict construction 严格解释；狭义解释 １指只能按文件的字面含义所作的解释，也称literal construction；literal interpretation;２指按文字的狭义含义(通常为传统含义)所作的高度限制性解释，也称strict interpretation；３对法律实施严格解释的学说，也称strict constructionism。一般认为，刑法必须作严格的解释。「严格解释」规则是指刑事制定法不能通过暗示或预示的方式扩大所用文句的正当含义，或超越其术语的合理解释；并且，除非被明确地规定于法条之中，否则不得对其他不法行为或人员适用此法条，即使援用该法条的法院认为立法本应更加综合，从而包含这些行为和人员。对制定法的严格解释〔strict construction of a statute〕指不得以暗示或衡平的方式扩张法律适用，而只能对制定法条文明确规定的和其精神或推理内的案件适用之，从而排除任何对制定法适用于特定案件的合理怀疑。对合同的严格解释，也指对合同的狭义或文义解释〔narrow or literal construction〕。 (→construction; strictly construed)
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in pari materia (in par-I m[schwa]-teer-ee-[schwa]). [Latin “in the same matter”] 1.adj. On the same subject; relating to the same matter. • It is a canon of construction that statutes that are in pari materia may be construed together, so that inconsistencies in one statute may be resolved by looking at another statute on the
A method of statutory construction by which parts of the statute are compared to each other, and the statute as a whole is compared to other documents from the same source on a similar subject.
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street. A road or public thoroughfare used for travel in an urban area, including the pavement, shoulders, gutters, curbs, and other areas within the street lines. [Cases: Municipal Corporations 658. C.J.S. Municipal Corporations §§ 1451–1452.] “Strictly speaking, a ‘street’ is a public thoroughfare in an urban community such as a city, town, or village, and
hardship. 1. Privation; suffering or adversity. 2. The severity with which a proposed construction of law would bear on a particular case, sometimes forming a basis (also known as an argument ab inconvenienti) against the construction. See AB INCONVENIENTI; HARD CASE. [Cases: Statutes 181(2). C.J.S. Statutes § 318.] 3. Family law. A condition that makes
The principle that, in construing written instruments, a court should adhere to the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words unless that adherence would lead to some manifest absurdity; esp., in statutory construction, the principle that if a statute’s literal meaning would lead to an absurd or unjust result, or even to an inconsistency within
De Donis Conditionalibus (dee doh-nis k[schwa]n-dish-ee-[schwa]-nal-i-b[ schwa]s). An English statute, enacted in 1285, that gave rise to the ability to create a fee tail. — Often shortened to De Donis. — Sometimes written de donis conditionalibus. “[T]he statute de donis of 13 Edw. I…. was intended to check the judicial construction, that had, in a
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highway act. (usu. pl.) One of a body of statutes governing the laying out, construction, repair, and use of highways. — Also termed highway law. [Cases: Highways 21.]
estate n. (2)状况；社会地位；社会等级；社会阶层 一个人或一个阶层的人在社会中所处的境况或地位，系该词的最广含义。例如，在中世纪英国的议会中，成员根据其社会地位分为教士、贵族、平民三个等级，称为「三级」〔three estates〕或「王国各阶层」〔estates of the realm〕；而法国的「三级会议」也就是全国各阶层代表的大会。 (3)地产权；地产；土地；供役地 指一个人在与土地的关系中所处的地位，或他相对于土地的关系，包括其对土地享有的不同种类、不同程度的权利；在口语中则引申为土地本身。在英格兰封建法中，除国王之外任何人都不能成为土地的绝对所有人，他所享有的只能是一项地产权或对土地的有限权益，由此产生了地产保有制度。在1925年《财产法》〔Law of Property Act〕生效之前，普通法上的地产权根据保有程度〔quantity of estate〕分为完全保有地产权〔estate of freehold〕与非完全保有地产权〔estate less than freehold〕两大类。其中完全保有地产权分为可继承地产权〔estate of inheritance〕与不可继承地产权〔estate not of inheritance〕。前者包括非限定继承地产权〔estate in fee simple〕、限定继承地产权〔estate in fee tail或estate tail〕和嫁资地产权〔estate in frankmarriage〕。后者又分为：１约定地产权〔convention estate〕，即通过当事人的协议设定的地产权，包括终身保有地产权〔estate for life〕和在他人生存期间保有的地产权〔estate pur autre vie〕；２法定地产权〔legal estate或estate created by construction or operation of law〕，即根据法律享有的或在法律上被承认并可强制执行的地产权，包括有后嗣可能性消失后的限定继承地产权〔estate of a tenant in tail after possibility