One who buys something for value without notice of another’s claim to the property and without actual or constructive notice of any defects in or infirmities, claims, or equities against the seller’s title; one who has in good faith paid valuable consideration for property without notice of prior adverse claims. • Generally, a bona fide […]
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seizure, n. The act or an instance of taking possession of a person or property by legal right or process; esp., in constitutional law, a confiscation or arrest that may interfere with a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy. [Cases: Arrest 68(4); Searches and Seizures 13. 1. C.J.S. Arrest § 45; Searches and Seizures§§ 8, 13,
service of process 诉讼书状送达 １在美国，送达是指将令状、传票、诉状等送交有关当事人的行为。送达的基本方式有两种：一是直接送达〔personal service〕，即直接将诉状或传票等的副本送交受送达人，或将其留在受送达人的住所或经常居住地的负有责任的人〔responsible person〕，或送交受送达人指定的有权接收的人；二是推定送达〔constructive service〕或替代送达〔substituted service〕，指直接送达以外的任何送达方式，主要有邮寄送达〔service by mail〕和在报纸上公告送达〔sevice by publication〕。送达书状是法院对某人取得对人管辖权的基本方式，但有时为了行使对物或准对物管辖权〔in rem or quasi in rem jurisdiction〕，也要进行某种形式的送达，如公告送达。２在英国，送达是指将令状或其他司法文件的内容使有关的当事人知晓的行为。送达的基本方式也有两种：一是直接送达〔direct service〕，即将文件直接送交受送达人或受送达物。对传唤令〔writ of summons〕及某些其他司法文件都要求直接送达。送达对象是人时，称对人的送达〔personal service〕。在普通诉讼中，只需向被告人送达传唤令的副本，若被告人要求，应向其出示正本。送达对象是物时，称对物的送达〔real service〕。如在对船舶提起的普通海事对物诉讼〔admiralty action in rem against a ship〕中，只需将传唤令的正本贴在船舶的桅杆上片刻，然后取下来，再将其副本贴上，即认为令状已经有效送达。二是替代送达〔substituted service〕，当受送达人始终位于难以到达的偏远地方或其下落不明时，可以采用替代送达，包括将文件直接送交给可能将该文件带给受送达人知晓的人(如他的妻子或代理人等)，或公告文件内容，或将文件副本邮寄往当事人的地址。还有一种与替代送达类似的送达方式称「接受送达」〔accepting service〕，由受送达人的事务律师在令状上签注说明由他代表被告人接受令状的送达。有些仅构成其他诉答书状的基础的文件不要求直接送达或替代送达，而只需将文件留在受送达人的地址或其事务律师的地址即可，如申请通知〔notice of motion〕、申诉书〔petitions〕等即用此种方式送达。
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actual knowledge 实际知悉 １指直接且清楚地知悉某种事实或状况，与推定的知悉〔constructive knowledge〕相对；２指知晓某种信息或情况，而该信息或情况会使得一个有理性的人〔reasonable person〕对事实作进一步的探究或查询。这种情形也称为默示的实际知悉〔implied actual knowledge〕。这种知悉可替代及时、充分的实际通知〔actual notice〕。
Contempt that is committed outside of court, as when a party disobeys a court order. • Indirect contempt is punishable only after proper notice to the contemnor and a hearing. — Also termed constructive contempt; consequential contempt. [Cases: Contempt 2. C.J.S. Contempt §§ 2–6, 11.]
knowledge n. (1)(古)性交(=carnal knowledge) (2)知道；明知 即对于某一事实或情况的认识。反义词为不知〔ignorance〕。知道包括实际知道〔actual knowledge〕与推定知道〔constructive knowledge〕两种。在法律上承担某种法律责任通常要求「明知」这一事实，如对于某一事物引起的损害承担赔偿责任要求对于该事物包括某些危险性因素的明知；在刑法中，对于某一行为是犯罪的明知，通常是定罪所必需的。这里还应注意区别几个相关的概念。如明知〔knowledge〕与故意〔intent〕，两者有时并非一致，前者是基于认识，而后者是基于目的而言；知道〔knowledge〕与相信〔belief〕，后者所涉及的范围较前者更为宽泛，包括从最轻微的怀疑〔the slightest suspicion〕到最完全的确信〔the fullest assurance〕。 (→notice; actual knowledge; guilty knowledge; actual notice)
service, n. 1. The formal delivery of a writ, summons, or other legal process ( after three attempts, service still had not been accomplished). — Also termed service of process. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 411–518; Process 48–150. C.J.S. Process §§ 26–91.] 2. The formal delivery of some other legal notice, such as a pleading (be