capitulation (k[schwa]-pich-[schwa]-lay-sh[schwa]n), n. 1. The act of surrendering or giving in. 2. Int’l law. An agreement to surrender a fortified place or a military or naval force. • A commander in control may generally make such an agreement for the place or force. [Cases: War and National Emergency 9. C.J.S. War and National Defense § […]
subject, adj. Referred to above; having relevance to the current discussion ( the subject property was then sold to Smith). subject, n. 1. One who owes allegiance to a sovereign and is governed by that sovereign’s laws (the monarchy’s subjects). “Speaking generally, we may say that the terms subject and citizen are synonymous. Subjects and
benefit, n. 1. Advantage; privilege (the benefit of owning a car). 2. Profit or gain; esp., the consideration that moves to the promisee (a benefit received from the sale). — Also termed legal benefit; legal value. Cf. DETRIMENT(2). death benefit. (usu. pl.) A sum or sums paid to a beneficiary from a life-insurance policy on
common calling. 1. An ordinary occupation that a citizen has a right to pursue under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. [Cases: Constitutional Law 207(2). C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 667, 670.] 2. A commercial enterprise that offers services to the general public, with a legal duty to serve anyone who requests the services. • For example,
TRIPs.abbr. Patents. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, a treaty that harmonized and strengthened the intellectual-property laws of its signatories by linking the obligation to protect the intellectual-property rights of other members’ citizens with a mechanism for settling international trade disputes. • TRIPs was negotiated at the 1994 Uruguay Round of the
Dawkins v. Paulet 〈英〉道金斯诉波利特案 在1869年发生的这起案例中，一名军官向陆军副官长〔Adjutant-General〕申诉：被告即一名陆军中校〔Lieutenant-Colonel〕无权并不恰当地在军营中指挥了一场战斗。由于被告是在他的职责范围内行事并享有依法授予的特权〔qualified privilege〕，原告的指控以诽谤而告失败。
composition, n. 1. An agreement between a debtor and two or more creditors for the adjustment or discharge of an obligation for some lesser amount; an agreement among the debtor and two or more creditors that the debtor will pay the creditors less than their full claims in full satisfaction of their claims. • The
ambassador. 1. A diplomatic officer of the highest rank, usu. designated by a government as its resident repre-sentative in a foreign state. • Ambassadors represent the sovereign as well as the nation and enjoy many privileges while abroad in their official capacity, including immunity. Ambassadors are distinguished from ministers and envoys, who represent only the
special housing unit. A block of cells used to house inmates who have been separated from the general prison population, usu. for disciplinary purposes but sometimes for safety reasons. • Inmates in special housing units typically have fewer privileges than other inmates. — Abbr. SHU.
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penal (pee-n[schwa]l), adj. Of, relating to, or being a penalty or punishment, esp. for a crime. “The general rule is that penal statutes are to be construed strictly. By the word ‘penal’ in this connection is meant not only such statutes as in terms impose a fine, or corporal punishment, or forfeiture as a consequence