coowner, n. A person who is in concurrent ownership, possession, and enjoyment of property with one or more others; a tenant in common, a joint tenant, or a tenant by the entirety. [Cases: Husband and Wife 14; Joint Tenancy 1; Tenancy in Common 1. C.J.S. Estates § 19; Joint Tenancy§§ 2, 4, 7–9; Tenancy in […]
chose (shohz), n. [French] A thing, whether tangible or intangible; a personal article; a chattel. See THING. chose in action. 1. A proprietary right in personam, such as a debt owed by another person, a share in a joint-stock company, or a claim for damages in tort. [Cases: Property 5. 5. C.J.S. Property § 22;
estate n. (2)状况；社会地位；社会等级；社会阶层 一个人或一个阶层的人在社会中所处的境况或地位，系该词的最广含义。例如，在中世纪英国的议会中，成员根据其社会地位分为教士、贵族、平民三个等级，称为「三级」〔three estates〕或「王国各阶层」〔estates of the realm〕；而法国的「三级会议」也就是全国各阶层代表的大会。 (3)地产权；地产；土地；供役地 指一个人在与土地的关系中所处的地位，或他相对于土地的关系，包括其对土地享有的不同种类、不同程度的权利；在口语中则引申为土地本身。在英格兰封建法中，除国王之外任何人都不能成为土地的绝对所有人，他所享有的只能是一项地产权或对土地的有限权益，由此产生了地产保有制度。在1925年《财产法》〔Law of Property Act〕生效之前，普通法上的地产权根据保有程度〔quantity of estate〕分为完全保有地产权〔estate of freehold〕与非完全保有地产权〔estate less than freehold〕两大类。其中完全保有地产权分为可继承地产权〔estate of inheritance〕与不可继承地产权〔estate not of inheritance〕。前者包括非限定继承地产权〔estate in fee simple〕、限定继承地产权〔estate in fee tail或estate tail〕和嫁资地产权〔estate in frankmarriage〕。后者又分为：１约定地产权〔convention estate〕，即通过当事人的协议设定的地产权，包括终身保有地产权〔estate for life〕和在他人生存期间保有的地产权〔estate pur autre vie〕；２法定地产权〔legal estate或estate created by construction or operation of law〕，即根据法律享有的或在法律上被承认并可强制执行的地产权，包括有后嗣可能性消失后的限定继承地产权〔estate of a tenant in tail after possibility
four unities. The four qualities needed to create a joint tenancy at common law — interest, possession, time, and title. See UNITY(2). [Cases: Joint Tenancy 1. C.J.S. Estates § 19; Joint Tenancy§§ 2, 4, 7–9.]
A right, enforceable only in equity, to have a demand satisfied from a particular fund or specific property, without having possession of the fund or property. • It arises mainly in four circumstances: (1) when an occupant of land, believing in good faith to be the owner of that land, makes improvements, repairs, or other
coparcener (koh-pahr-s[schwa]-n[schwa]r). A person to whom an estate descends jointly, and who holds it as an entire estate; a person who has become a concurrent owner as a result of descent. — Also termed parcener; (archaically) coparticeps. “Coparceners constitute a single heir, and they occupy a position intermediate between joint tenants and tenants in common.
A common-law estate in which each spouse is seised of the whole of the property. • An estate by entirety is based on the legal fiction that a husband and wife are a single unit. The estate consists of five unities: time, title, interest, possession, and marriage. The last of these unities distinguishes the estate
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coparcenary (koh-pahr-s[schwa]-ner-ee), n. An estate that arises when two or more persons jointly inherit from one ancestor, the title and right of possession being shared equally by all. • Coparcenary was a form of coownership created by common-law rules of descent upon intestacy when two or more persons together con-stituted the decedent’s heirs. Typically, this
unity, n. 1. The fact or condition of being one in number; oneness. 2. At common law, a requirement for the creation of a joint tenancy. • The four unities are interest, possession, time, and title. See joint tenancy under TENANCY. [Cases: Joint Tenancy 1, 3. C.J.S. Estates § 19; Joint Tenancy§§ 2, 4, 6–15,
Blue Book 蓝皮书 １由美国尼克松〔Nixon〕总统从水门录音带〔Watergate tapes〕中精心挑选，并提交给负责弹劾调查的司法委员会的一份长达1 300页的文本；２有关利比亚人的狂热领导人穆马·卡扎菲上校〔Col.Mummar Qaddafi〕的语录和格言的收藏本，仿照中国毛泽东主席红皮语录而作，也称为绿皮书〔Green Book〕；３为向美国公众解释1978年由律师起草的复杂难懂的税收法，而由国会联合税务委员会〔Joint Tax Committee of Congress〕准备的多卷材料；４美国一本法律援引指南，原名为《统一法律援引系统》〔A Uniform System of Citation〕。它是为撰写辩护状〔brief〕、备忘录〔memo〕或法律评论文章时引用权威言论的方便，而编纂的有关详尽规则的小册子，因其封皮为蓝色而得名，以前其封皮为白色，故又称为白皮书〔White Book〕。该书被认为是美国最权威的法律援引参考书。其全称是《蓝皮书：统一法律援引系统》〔The Bluebook:A Uniform System of Citation〕。虽然其编者是在20世纪90年代中期才正式将蓝皮书〔Bluebook〕作为其书名的一部分，但该书被人们称为蓝皮书已有10年时间。该书由《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《哈佛法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚大学法律评论》和《耶鲁法律评论》的编辑们共同编着而成；５(美国)州议会法律汇编蓝皮书；６在英国，指对政府出版物的习惯称法，如皇家委员会报告〔Royal Commission report〕，因这些出版物用蓝纸作封面而得名。(→session laws)