minimum contacts 〈美〉最低限度联系 美国最高法院在国际鞋业公司诉华盛顿州〔International Shoe Co.v. State of Washington〕一案中确立的关于对非本州民事被告行使对人管辖权〔personal jurisdiction〕的最低法律要求的原则。依据该原则，如果被告与诉讼地州有足够的或实质性的联系，从而对该案的审理不违反传统的公平对待和实质公正的概念，则州法院对不在该州居住的民事被告有对人管辖权。在另一案例中，被告的有目的性的积极商业行为被认为是足够的联系。同样，州税务机关对与本州有某些最低限度联系的外国公司可以合法征收地方所得税。 (→doing business; long arm statutes)
judgment in personam 对人判决 更确切地应称作「judgment inter partes」，与对物判决〔judgment in rem〕相对，指确定被告人负有某种个人责任〔personal liability〕的判决。如支付金钱、履行合同或承诺、为某种行为或不得为非法行为等，并且在司法所及的范围内，可以被告人的财产来承担该责任；也指法院在对当事人具有对人管辖权〔personal jurisdiction〕的诉讼中作出的判决。对人判决只对判决指向的特定个人有约束力。
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Pennoyer rule (p[schwa]-noy-[schwa]r). The principle that a court may not issue a personal judgment against a defendant over which it has no personal jurisdiction. Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1877). [Cases: Judgment 16. C.J.S. Judgments §§ 18, 546.]
minimum contacts. A nonresident defendant’s forum-state connections, such as business activity or actions foreseeably leading to business activity, that are substantial enough to bring the defendant within the forum-state court’s personal jurisdiction without offending traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154 (1945). —
long arm statutes 〈美〉长臂法 指各种州立法，它规定对非本州居民或法人的被告，如果和本州存在某种联系(如在本州拥有财产、从事商业活动、实施了侵权行为等)，则可通过传票的替代送达〔substituted service of process〕对之行使对人管辖权〔personal jurisdiction〕。如纽约州规定，对非本州居民或法人亲自或通过代理人实施下列行为，由此而引起诉讼时，本州可适用长臂法对其行使管辖权：１在本州内从事任何商业活动；２在本州内实施除诽谤〔defamation〕以外的侵权行为；３在本州以外实施除诽谤以外的侵权行为，但给本州内的人身或财产造成了损害，且该非本州居民或法人一贯在本州内从事商业活动或从事任何其他持续性的活动，或从本州内的财产或服务取得实质性的收益；４在本州拥有、使用或占有不动产。
Hist. Eccles. law. A court in which the Archbishop of York or Canterbury exercised personal jurisdiction. • This court was abolished in 1963.
connexity (k[schwa]-nek-s[schwa]-tee). Connectedness; the quality of being connected. • In some states, connexity expresses the relationship that must exist between a foreign party (such as a corporation) and the state for a plaintiff to maintain personal jurisdiction over the party; generally, the claim must arise from a transaction connected with the activities of the party
doing-business statute. A state law defining the acts that constitute undertaking business there, usu. for the purpose of establishing the circumstances under which the state’s courts may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident. See MINIMUM CONTACTS; LONG-ARM STATUTE. [Cases: Courts 12(2). C.J.S. Courts §§ 39, 44.]
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stream-of-commerce theory. 1. The principle that a state may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant if the defendant places a product in the general marketplace and the product causes injury or damage in the forum state, as long as the defendant also takes other acts to establish some connection with the forum state, as by
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Court of Audience. Hist. Eccles. law. A court in which the Archbishop of York or Canterbury exercised personal jurisdiction. • This court was abolished in 1963. “Just as the bishop did not deprive himself of all jurisdiction by delegation to an official or commissary, so the archbishop did not originally deprive himself of all jurisdiction