bodily harm 身体伤害 指生理的疼痛、疾病或躯体的损伤。在英国，该词用于指严格依法律意义来说的轻微伤害，区别于较严重的伤害即「实际的身体伤害」〔actual bodily harm〕，或更为严重的「重大身体伤害」〔grievous bodily harm〕。但1861年《人身侵犯法》〔Offences Against the Person Act〕中，身体伤害包括了实际的身体伤害和重大身体伤害。不过，对这三种伤害并未作制定法上的定义。身体伤害可以是被告行为的间接后果，如被告夜间闯入他人住宅并威胁要冲进某妇女的卧室，结果导致该妇女跳出窗外而受伤。
continuing threat of harm. A condition or situation that presents a high risk of injury at intervals or over an extended period, whether or not an injury has actually occurred. • The condition or situation can be a behavior that is subject to repetition, as with unfair-competition practices or stalking, or an enduring state, such
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An error that does not affect a party’s substantive rights or the case’s outcome. • A harmless error is not grounds for reversal. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 61; Fed. R. Crim. P. 52. — Also termed technical error; error in vacuo. Cf. substantial error. [Cases: Administrative Law and Procedure 764; Appeal and Error 1025–1074.
harm, n. Injury, loss, damage; material or tangible detriment. accidental harm. Harm not caused by any tortious act. bodily harm. Physical pain, illness, or impairment of the body. grievous bodily harm. See serious bodily injury under INJURY. physical harm. Any physical impairment of land, chattels, or the human body. serious bodily harm. See serious bodily
dharmasastra 法论 古代印度法学汇集，历经制定法的修改仍然保持效力，目前从根本上讲仍是巴基斯坦、马来西亚、东非及印度国外其它地区印度教教徒的家庭法。它与犹太法典一样古老，比罗马法更早，更具连续性。法论虽然广泛论述法庭和诉讼程序，但主要还不是讲司法行政，而是讲面临各种难题时如何正确行事。凡在典型的印度传统环境中长大的人都了解法论的基本原则，如义务重于权利；妇女永远处在最近的男性亲属保护之下；国王必须保护臣民不受精神和物质上的伤害等。法论在古代传到缅甸、泰国、巴厘等地，这些地区的法论文献逐渐丧失印度特色，吸收了本地习俗。法论着作用梵文写成，共5 000多部，可分为三类：１「经」〔sutras〕，指格言警句；２「传承」〔smrtis〕，指长短不等的诗体论文；３「集」〔nibandhas〕和「注」〔vrttis〕，前者指各种传承的摘编，后者指个别分段传承的评注，这二者供法律顾问使用，在「经」和「传承」之间发挥很好的调和作用。西方学者主要是通过威廉·琼斯爵士〔Sir William Jones〕和后世学者的着作来了解法论的，现代印度学者已对法论进行了较深入的研究。法论的原则受到了英国在印度行政管理的影响，并以非常僵化的形式付诸实施。印度独立之后，法论的许多原则都已被制定法化了。
harmony. Agreement or accord; conformity (the decision in Jones is in harmony with earlier Supreme Court precedent). — harmonize, vb.
harmful behavior. Conduct that could injure another person, esp. a child. cumulatively harmful behavior. Family law. Harmful parental (or caregiver) behavior that, if continued for a significant period, will over time cause serious harm to a child. immediately harmful behavior. Family law. Harmful parental (or caregiver) behavior that could have caused serious injury to a