Maritime law. An 1893 federal statute regulating a carrier’s liability for the loss or damage of ocean cargo shipped under bills of lading. 46 USCA app. §§ 190–196. • The Act was the primary model for the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, which has largely superseded it in practice. See CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY […]
libel per se 自成诽谤 １无需举证特定损害，本身即可诉的诽谤行为，与他成诽谤〔libel per quod〕相对。在美国的大多数司法管辖区，已不再区分自成诽谤和他成诽谤，而是笼统认定一般赔偿金〔general damages〕；２从表面即可认定成立的诽谤。
specific performance. The rendering, as nearly as practicable, of a promised performance through a judgment or decree; specif., a court-ordered remedy that requires precise fulfillment of a legal or contractual obligation when monetary damages are inappropriate or inadequate, as when the sale of real estate or a rare article is involved. • Specific performance is
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The difference between the value of what the buyer paid and the market value of what was received in return. • In breach-of-contract cases, out-of-pocket loss is used to measure restitution damages. [Cases: Fraud 59(3).]
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pour out, vb. Slang. To deny (a claimant) damages or relief in a lawsuit (the plaintiff was poured out of court by the jury’s verdict of no liability).
slander n. 口头诽谤 指以言词或其他非永久性形式针对他人所作的虚假或诋毁性陈述，它可以作为诉因而被要求损害赔偿。在英国法中，自17世纪开始即把诽谤〔defamation〕分为两种，即口头诽谤与书面诽谤〔libel〕(包括以广播〔by broadcasting〕形式进行诽谤)。尽管两者在一般人看来属于同义语，并且在许多方面都受相同原则的调整，但它们之间还是存在如下重大区别：第一，书面诽谤不仅仅是一种可以被起诉的侵权行为，而且也可以构成犯罪，口头诽谤则只是一种民事侵权行为。第二，书面诽谤在所有案件中均可因该行为本身〔per se〕而被起诉，而口头诽谤则只在特定的案件中才可因行为本身而被起诉，在其他案件中须由原告证明存在实际损害方可起诉。但这两者的区别也受到了严厉的批评，认为这将导致严重不公。关于口头诽谤的构成，英国法律将之区分为两种情况：１诽谤原告犯有作为首犯应受监禁处罚的犯罪，或者诬称其患有应与社会隔离的传染病，或者对其职位、职业、称呼、商业或业务进行诋毁；或者以不贞或通奸诽谤妇女。上述行为属于以行为本身即可受到起诉的口头诽谤〔slander actionable per se〕。２除此以外的诽谤行为，如果因此导致原告受有特定的实际损害的，则属于因实际损害而受到起诉的口头诽谤〔slander actionable by reason of special damage〕。美国法亦将口头诽谤分为两种：因行为本身而构成的口头诽谤〔slander per se〕与因存在实际损害而构成的口头诽谤〔slander per quod〕。美国《侵权法第二次重述》〔Restatement, Second, Torts〕认为口头诽谤的实质要件包括：１涉及他人的虚假或诋毁性陈述；２不享有豁免特权而向第三方进行传播；３公开方具有过失以上的过错；４存在无须造成损害即可起诉的诉因或存在因此造成的实际损害。 (→defamation; libel)
privateer (prI-v[schwa]-teer), n. 1. A vessel owned and operated by private persons, but authorized by a nation on certain conditions to damage the commerce of the enemy by acts of piracy. 2. A sailor on such a vessel.
presumption of death. A presumption that arises on the unexpected disappearance and continued absence of a person for an extended period, commonly seven years. [Cases: Damages 2. C.J.S. Aeronautics and Aerospace §§ 272–273; Damages §§ 10–11.]
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solatium (s[schwa]-lay-shee-[schwa]m), n. [Latin “solace”] Scots law. Compensation; esp., damages allowed for hurt feelings or grief, as distinguished from damages for physical injury.
An error that is so obvious and prejudicial that an appellate court should address it despite the parties’ failure to raise a proper objection. • A plain error is often said to be so obvious and substantial that failure to correct it would infringe a party’s due-process rights and damage the integrity of the judicial