obstrict ([schwa]b-strikt), vb. To coerce. — obstrictiveness, n. — obstrictive, adj. “The element of coercion or obstrictiveness. The contrast here is between voluntary and obstricted (or coerced) conduct. The coercion need not be actual (objective), but may be merely potential (subjective) by fear of the possible force; as, when the faithful canine, Towser, susceptible to […]
tender offer. A public offer to buy a minimum number of shares directly from a corporation’s shareholders at a fixed price, usu. at a substantial premium over the market price, in an effort to take control of the corporation. — Also termed takeover offer; takeover bid. Cf. public-exchange offer under OFFER. [Cases: Securities Regulation 52.30–52.50.
Breviary Alaric’s Breviary 《阿拉里克罗马法辑要》；《西哥特罗马法典》 西哥特〔Visigoths〕国王阿拉里克二世〔King Alaric Ⅱ，485-507〕为其王国境内的罗马人编纂的一部法典，由一个经国王任命、由当时的立法大臣阿尼安努斯〔Anianus〕领导的委员会编纂，公元506年由民众大会通过。该法典意在简化繁杂的罗马法，并力图使罗马法因素与其民族习惯相融合，因此它以许多罗马法典为基础，其中包括《狄奥多西法典》〔Codex Theodosianus〕；《盖尤斯简编》〔Epitome Gaii〕，这是盖尤斯《法学阶梯》〔Institutes〕的缩略本；保罗的《判决录》〔Sententiae〕；《格列高利法典》〔Codex Gregorianus〕；《赫莫杰尼安努斯法典》〔Codex Hermogenianus〕；巴比尼安的《解答录》〔Responsum〕及后来的一些新法典。公元654年利塞斯威斯〔Recesswinth〕颁布罗马人和西哥特人统一适用的《西哥特法典》〔Lex Visigothorum〕之后，这部法典被废止。尽管如此，它还在法国南部和伦巴第〔Lombardy〕继续使用，同时传播到了法兰克王国。它的质量使它成为中世纪西欧的权威着作，并是罗马法继受〔Reception〕之前罗马法进入西欧法律的主要途径。 (=Breviarium Alaricianum; Lex Romana Visigothorum; Breviarium Aniani；Law of Alaric)
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civil law. 1. (usu. cap.) One of the two prominent legal systems in the Western World, originally administered in the Roman Empire and still influential in continental Europe, Latin America, Scotland, and Louisiana, among other parts of the world; ROMAN LAW. • In reference to Romans, civil law (commonly referred to as jus civile) denotes
entrust, vb. To give (a person) the responsibility for something, usu. after establishing a confidential relationship. — Also spelled (archaically) intrust. See NEGLIGENT ENTRUSTMENT. — entrustment, n.
course of dealing. An established pattern of conduct between parties in a series of transactions (e.g., multiple sales of goods over a period of years). • If a dispute arises, the parties’ course of dealing can be used as evidence of how they intended to carry out the transaction. Cf. COURSE OF PERFORMANCE ; trade
defect, n. An imperfection or shortcoming, esp. in a part that is essential to the operation or safety of a product. — defective, adj.[Cases: Products Liability 8. C.J.S. Products Liability §§ 11–15.]
A generation-skipping trust funded with the amount that is permanently exempt from generation-skipping tax and designed to last more than two generations. • In 2000, a settlor could contribute $1 million to a dynasty trust. Almost half the states allow dynasty trusts, despite their potential for lasting more than 100 years. — Also termed GST
(ob-i-t[schwa]r dik-t[schwa]m). [Latin “something said in passing”] A judicial comment made while delivering a judicial opinion, but one that is unnecessary to the decision in the case and therefore not precedential (although it may be considered persuasive). — Often shortened to dictum or, less commonly, obiter. Pl. obiter dicta See DICTUM. Cf. HOLDING(1); RATIO DECIDENDI.
quality. 1. The particular character or properties of a person, thing, or act, often essential for a particular result (she has leadership quality) (greed is a negative quality). 2. The character or degree of excellence of a person or substance, esp. in comparison with others (the quality of work performed under the contract).