Lord Advocate
Lord Advocate 〈苏格兰〉总检察长 苏格兰的首席王室法律官员,相当于英格兰的总检察长〔Attorney-General〕。
world. 1. The planet Earth (the world has limited natural resources). 2. All the Earth’s inhabitants; the public generally (the world will benefit from this discovery). 3. All persons who have a claim or acquire an interest in a particular subject matter (a judgment in rem binds all the world).
Annapolis Convention 〈美〉安纳波利斯会议 尽管英国与其前北美殖民地已签署了和平条约,但仍继续危及美国航运,而北美十三州在对付英国海军一致行动上又有歧见;更糟的是,具有天然优势的州正对其邻近州造成不利,正如詹姆斯·麦迪逊〔James Madison〕描写道,一些「没有便利港口进行对外贸易的州,在通过邻近州进行对外贸易时不得不接受邻近州的征税」。解决这种残酷贸易战的方式就是采取国家行动,但其时的邦联国会〔Confederation Congress〕并无权力。马里兰州〔Maryland〕和弗吉尼亚州〔Virginia〕已就切萨皮克湾〔Chesapeake Bay〕及支流的航运达成一致意见,它们邀请特拉华州〔Delaware〕和宾夕法尼亚州〔Pennsylvania〕也加入这一协定,弗吉尼亚州则进一步建议召集一个包括各州的州际贸易会议,讨论州际共同商业政策。1786年10个州选派代表参加在马里兰州安纳波利斯举行的贸易会议,但由于种种原因在9月份只有五个州的代表实际参加会议,并没有达到法定州数,不过会议仍通过一项建议,由所有州在下一年第二个星期一在费城重新举行一次会议,来解决邦联政府体制的严重缺陷。这次会议本身并无重大意义,但作为以后召开制定宪法的全国会议的前奏,却有着不可否认的作用。
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Hilary Rules. Hist. A collection of English pleading rules designed to ease the strict pleading requirements of the special-pleading system, esp. by limiting the scope of the general issue in the formed actions and by forcing the defendant to set up affirmatively all matters other than a denial of the breach of duty or of
lease-purchase agreement. A rent-to-own purchase plan under which the buyer takes possession of the goods with the first payment and takes ownership with the final payment; a lease of property (esp. equipment) by which ownership of the property is transferred to the lessee at the end of the lease term. • Such a lease is
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direct attack. 1. An attack on a judgment made in the same proceeding as the one in which the judgment was entered; specif., the taking of proceedings in the action in which a judgment has been rendered to have the judgment vacated or reversed or modified by appropriate proceedings in either the trial court or
Corn Products doctrine. Tax. The principle that a capital asset should be narrowly defined to exclude invento-ry-related property that is integrally tied to the day-to-day operations of a business. Corn Prods. Refining Co. v. C.I.R., 350 U.S. 46, 76 S.Ct. 20 (1955). [Cases: Internal Revenue 3178, 3230. 1. C.J.S. Internal Revenue § 110.]
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clear and convincing proof 清楚且令人确信的证明 能够确定争议的基本事实具有合理的真实性的一种证明程度。它高于证据优势〔preponderance of evidence〕的证明程度,但低于排除合理怀疑〔beyond a reasonable doubt〕的证明程度。它对事实的确认只达到一种高度的盖然性。
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oredelf (or-delf). Hist. The right to dig for mineral ore on one’s own land. — Also spelled oredelfe; ordelf.
An implied covenant to cooperate with the other party to an agreement so that both parties may obtain the full benefits of the agreement; an implied covenant to refrain from any act that would injure a contracting party’s right to receive the benefit of the contract. • Breach of this covenant is often termed bad
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