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international arbitration

glossary / ,

international arbitration 国际仲裁 由共同协议挑选的仲裁人或中间人对主权国家之间的争议或分歧的听审和裁断。这种共同协议可能是一个特别的条约或者有关仲裁的公约。历史上最早的国际仲裁的案例是由古希腊历史学家希罗多德〔Herodotus〕讲述的大流士〔Darius〕仲裁的阿塔巴赞尼斯〔Artabazanes〕与薛西斯〔Xerxes〕的纠纷。古希腊、罗马均有国际仲裁的案例。在蛮族中，仲裁也是通行做法。中世纪，尽管罗马教会在臣民与国王间的所有争议享有裁判的优势影响，但仍有一些俗世仲裁的做法，如圣路易〔Saint Louis〕在1263年充当亨利三世与其贵族间争议的仲裁人。1655年10月23日的《威斯敏斯特条约》〔Treaty of Westminster〕则规定汉堡共和国〔Republic of Hamburg〕充当法兰西与英格兰的仲裁者。在19世纪，仲裁的做法得到拓展，并成为国际性制度。在1899年和1907年两次海牙和会〔Peace Conferences in the Hague〕中为和平解决国际争端拟定了公约。两个公约均创设了驻在海牙的常设仲裁庭〔Permanent Court of Arbitration〕。一次大战之后的国际联盟〔League of Nations/LN〕盟约曾有国联成员国对彼此间争端提交仲裁的规定，但并没有生效或付诸实施。二次大战后，联合国宪章推荐利用仲裁和平解决国际争端。

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bracton

glossary /

Bracton. The common title of one of the earliest books of English law, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae (ca. 1250). • Henry of Bratton (also known as Bracton), a judge of the Court of King’s Bench and of Assize, is credited with writing the work, though he may have merely revised an earlier version. “Bracton’s

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emploi

glossary /

emploi (om-plwah), n. [French] French law. Equitable conversion. • When property covered by the régime dotal is sold, the purchaser must ensure that the sale proceeds are reinvested for the wife’s benefit. See régime dotal under REGIME.

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dowager queen

glossary /

dowager-queen. The widow of the king of England. — Also termed queen dowager. See QUEEN MOTHER. “A queen dowager is the widow of the king, and as such enjoys most of the privileges belonging to her as queen consort. But it is not high treason to conspire her death; or to violate her chastity …

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admeasurement

glossary /

admeasurement (ad-mezh-[schwa]r-m[schwa]nt), n. 1. Ascertainment, assignment, or apportionment by a fixed quantity or value, or by certain limits (the ship’s admeasurement is based on its crew, engine, and capac-ity). 2. A writ obtained for purposes of ascertaining, assigning, or apportioning a fixed quantity or value or to establish limits; esp., a writ available against persons

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writ of dower

glossary /

writ of dower. 1. DE DOTE UNDE NIHIL HABET. 2. A widow’s writ of right of dower providing her the remainder of the dower to which she is entitled after part of it had been assigned by the tenant. [Cases: Dower and Curtesy 70. 1. C.J.S. Dower §§ 96–103, 108, 169–170.]

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