natural-accumulation doctrine. The rule that a governmental entity or other landowner is not required to remove naturally occurring ice or snow from public property, such as a highway, unless the entity has, by taking some affirmative action (such as highway construction), increased the travel hazard to the public. [Cases: Automobiles 262; Municipal Corporations 773. C.J.S. […]
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chance, n. 1. A hazard or risk. 2. The unforeseen, uncontrollable, or unintended consequences of an act. 3. An accident. 4. Opportunity; hope.
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. A federal statute that requires employers to (1) keep the workplace free from recognized hazards that cause or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees, and (2) comply with standards promulgated by the Secretary of Labor. — Abbr. OSHA (oh-sh[schwa]). [Cases: Labor Relations 9.
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extraordinary danger 特殊危险(→extraordinary hazard; extraordinary risk)
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turnover duty. Maritime law. A shipowner’s obligation to provide safe working conditions and to give notice of any nonobvious hazards regarding instruments and areas that the shipowner turns over to the stevedore and longshoremen while the ship is being loaded or unloaded. Cf. ACTIVE-OPERATIONS DUTY; INTERVENTION DUTY. [Cases: Shipping 84(3).]
extraordinary risk 特殊危险 指由于工作条件不正常而产生的危险，它是由于工作中不是正常的也不是必然容易发生的原因产生，且如果僱主尽了合理的注意，也是可以避免的 。(→extraordinary hazard)
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A civil wrong arising from exposure to a toxic substance, such as asbestos, radiation, or hazardous waste. • A toxic tort can be remedied by a civil lawsuit (usu. a class action) or by administrative action. Cf. mass tort. [Cases: Negligence 306; Products Liability 43. C.J.S. Products Liability § 51.]
no-duty doctrine. Torts. 1. The rule that a defendant who owes no duty to the plaintiff is not liable for the plaintiff’s injury. 2. The rule that the owner or possessor of property has no duty to warn or protect an invitee from known or obvious hazards. [Cases: Negligence 1037(4). C.J.S. Negligence §§ 469–471, 487,
arranger for disposal. Environmental law. An entity that owns or possesses hazardous substances, and either disposes of them or has an obligation to control them. • An arranger for disposal can be held liable for environ-mental cleanup costs under CERCLA. [Cases: Environmental Law 445(1).]
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