pretrial order. A court order setting out the claims and defenses to be tried, the stipulations of the parties, and the case’s procedural rules, as agreed to by the parties or mandated by the court at a pretrial conference. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(e). • In federal court, a pretrial order supersedes the pleadings. […]
causa cognita (kaw-z[schwa] kog-ni-t[schwa]). [Latin] Hist. After investigation; the cause (or facts) having been ascertained. Cf. POST CAUSAM COGNITAM . “Formerly, inhibitions were not granted except causa cognita (although a different rule now prevails), because they imposed a restraint on the full exercise of the rights of property; and in our own time decrees of
constitutional-fact doctrine. 1. The rule that federal courts are not bound by an administrative agency’s findings of fact when the facts involve whether the agency has exceeded constitutional limitations on its power, esp. regarding personal rights. • The courts reviewed the facts de novo to afford protection of constitutional rights. Although it has not been
constitutional fact doctrine Read More »
An amendment submitted to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office after the PTO has mailed notice of a patent application’s approval. • Once a notice of allowance has been mailed, prosecution of the application is closed on the merits, and the entry of any amendment is within the discretion of the patent examiner. Amendments after
amendment after allowance Read More »
de diversis regulis juris antiqui (dee di-v[schwa]r-sis reg-y[schwa]-lis joor-is an-tI-kwI). [Latin “of various rules of ancient law”] Roman law. The last title in the Digest, containing 211 maxims. See DIGEST(2).
de diversis regulis juris antiqui Read More »
class action 集体诉讼；集团诉讼 由一个或多个成员作为集团全体成员的代表，代表全体当事人起诉或应诉的诉讼。作为原告或被告的集团与其代表在诉讼中具有共同的利害关系，将他们作为一个集体就其权利或责任作出裁决比在一系列的单个诉讼中作出裁决更为有效。目前美国联邦和大多数州的法律都规定了集团诉讼程序。根据《联邦民事诉讼规则》〔Federal Rules of Civil Procedure〕第23条的规定，作为集团诉讼必须具备下列先决条件：１集团人数众多，以致全体成员的合并实际上不可能；２该集团有共同的事实和法律问题；３代表当事人的请求或抗辩是在集团中有代表性的请求或抗辩；４代表当事人将公正和充分地维护集团成员的利益。此外，初审法院也必须确认某一诉讼可以作为集团诉讼。在1966年对《联邦民事诉讼规则》修改以前，集团诉讼通常被划分为三种，即「真正的」〔true〕、「混合的」〔hybrid〕和「虚假的」〔spurious〕集团诉讼，新的《规则》取消了这种分类。
secundum regulam (si-k[schwa]n-d[schwa]m reg-y[schwa]-l[schwa]m). [Latin] Hist. According to the rule; by rule.
construction n. (1)建造；建筑；建设；建筑物；建筑方法；工程 (2)解释 指对法律、条例、判决或其他法律规范的含义及适用所作的说明；也指对合同、遗嘱等法律文书或口头协议就其用语复杂、含糊不清或适用有争议的部分进行恰当解释，以确定其含义和目的。依据解释的尺度，可分为严格解释〔strict construction〕和自由解释〔liberal construction〕。前者又称字面解释〔literal construction〕，指严格按其字面的一般含义作狭义解释；后者称公正解释或衡平法上的解释〔equitable construction〕、广义解释〔broad interpretation〕或不严密的解释〔loose construction〕，指在符合立法精神的前提下，对法律的内容进行扩大解释。 (→broad interpretation; comparative interpretation; contemporaneous construction; construe; four corners rule; interpretation; last antecedent rule; literal construction; statutory construction; strict construction)
warehouse-to-warehouse cover. Insurance coverage for goods protecting against damage at any time during the shipping process, including the loading and unloading of the goods. See COMPLETE-OPERATION RULE. Cf. COMING-TO-REST DOCTRINE . [Cases: Insurance 2681. C.J.S. Insurance §§ 1060, 1609.]
warehouse to warehouse cover Read More »
mild exigency. A circumstance that justifies a law-enforcement officer’s departure from the knock-and-announce rule, such as the likelihood that the building’s occupants will try to escape, resist arrest, or destroy evidence. See KNOCK-AND-ANNOUNCE RULE.