COURT OF EXCHEQUER

Court of Exchequer

Court of Exchequer 〈英〉财税法庭 从御前会议〔Curia Regis〕中分出的四个机构中的一个。12世纪时,财政署〔Exchequer〕从御前会议中独立出来,但在1200年以前,它的财政机构〔receipt of Exchequer〕和司法机构〔court of Exchequer〕并未分开。1312年任命了第一位财税法庭首席法官〔Chief Baron〕,从此财税法庭就作为司法机构独立存在。到16世纪中叶,其管辖权几乎一直只限于税收案件,但后来它通过拟制〔fiction〕而获得了对普通臣民之间民事诉讼的管辖权,因此而具有辅助性的普通法和衡平法管辖权。作为税收法庭〔court of revenue〕,它就国王与国王账目官之间、国王与纳税人之间的纠纷作出裁决。根据通过拟制获取普通民事诉讼管辖权的令状〔quo minus〕而获得普通法管辖权后,它作为普通法法庭,对于普通臣民之间除了不动产权益诉讼〔real action〕以外其它形式的诉讼都有管辖权。根据《斯卡卡里程序惯例》〔cursus scaccarii〕,财税法庭也具有某些衡平法上的管辖权,而且它通过简单的权力推定最终取得了一般的衡平法管辖权。1841年,财税法庭的衡平法管辖权被移交给御前大臣法庭〔Court of Chancery〕。财税法庭属存卷法庭〔court of record〕,由6名法官组成。依据1873-1875年《司法组织法》〔Judicature Act〕,财税法庭被并入高等法院〔High Court of Justice〕,其审判权由高等法院财税分庭〔Exchequer Division〕行使,1881年财税分庭又被并入王座分庭〔King’s Bench and Common Pleas〕。 (→baron; supreme court; Exchequer)

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court of exchequer

Court of Exchequer (eks-chek-[schwa]r oreks-chek-[schwa]r). Hist. A former English superior court responsible primarily for adjudicating disputes about the collection of public revenue. • In 1873 it became the Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice. In 1881 that Division was merged into the Queen’s Bench Division. See QUEEN’S BENCH DIVISION. Cf. CHAMBER OF ACCOUNTS.

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