apply v. (1)(正式)请求；申请 通常以书面形式向法院、委员会或公司提出，在其权限内，给予某种优惠或者一些规则、秩序等。 (→application; petition) (2)指定…用于(某一特殊用途)(→appropriate) (3)应用；使用；运用；实施 该词用于制定法时有两层含义：在解释制定法时，用来描述其范围之内的人、物或作用的种类，如某制定法不适用于州内商业的交易。在讨论制定法的应用时，指制定法生效的过程。如陪审团被告知如果他们在某个指定期日之前发现诉因，则应当适用诉讼时傚法。
self-applying, adj. (Of a statute, ordinance, etc.) requiring no more for interpretation than a familiarity with the ordinary meanings of words.
apply, vb. 1. To make a formal request or motion (apply for a loan) (apply for injunctive relief). 2. To employ for a limited purpose (apply payments to a reduction in interest). 3. To put to use with a particular subject matter ( apply the law to the facts) (apply the law only to transactions
divided-damages rule. Maritime law. The obsolete principle that when two parties are jointly liable to a third party for a tort, each party is liable for only half the damages. • The courts now apply a comparative-negligence standard. [Cases: Collision 143. C.J.S. Collision §§ 242, 245, 259, 261–262.] “For over a hundred years admiralty law
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serological test (seer-[schwa]-loj-[schwa]-k[schwa]l). A blood examination to detect the presence of antibodies and antigens, as well as other characteristics, esp. as indicators of disease. • Many states require serological tests to determine the presence of venereal disease in a couple applying for a marriage license. See BLOOD TEST.
all-claims rule. Patents. The now-abandoned doctrine that a patent is invalid unless every inventor named in the patent made an inventive contribution to every claim in the patent. • Section 116 of the Patent Act now expressly provides that inventors may apply for a patent jointly even though each did not make a contribution to
market-participant doctrine. The principle that, under the Commerce Clause, a state does not discriminate against interstate commerce by acting as a buyer or seller in the market, by operating a proprietary enterprise, or by subsidizing private business. • Under the Dormant Commerce Clause principle, the Commerce Clause — art. I, § 8, cl. 3 of
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interest-analysis technique. Conflict of laws. A method of resolving choice-of-law questions by reviewing a state’s laws and the state’s interests in enforcing those laws to determine whether that state’s laws or those of another state should apply. — Also termed governmental-interest-analysis technique. [Cases: Action 17. C.J.S. Actions §§ 18–20; Conflict of Laws §§ 2–3, 12,
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local-law theory. Conflict of laws. The view that, although a court of the forum recognizes and enforces a local right (that is, one created under its own law), in a foreign-element case it does not necessarily apply the rule that would govern an analogous case of a purely domestic character, but instead takes into account