unavoidable-accident doctrine. Torts. The rule holding no party liable for an accident that was not foreseeable and that could not have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care. • The modern trend is for courts to ignore this doctrine, relying instead on the basic concepts of duty, negligence, and proximate cause. — Also termed […]
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confession and avoidance 承认与规避 指一项答辩，首先以明示或默示方式承认被指控事实的正确性，同时提出新的事实以规避被控事实的法律后果，如原告有共同过错。 (→avoidance; plea in confession and avoidance)
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An accident that cannot be avoided because it is produced by an irresistible physical cause that cannot be prevented by human skill or reasonable foresight. • Examples include accidents resulting from lightning or storms, perils of the sea, inundations or earthquakes, or sudden illness or death. Unavoidable accident has been considered a means of avoiding
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unavoidable cause 不可避免的原因 指在同类情况下，为合理谨慎和注意的人所没有、且通常也不能预见的原因，其结果也通常不可避免。(→unavoidable accident)
plea in confession and avoidance 承认但无效答辩 普通法上的一种答辩。被告承认原告所提出的事实和理由，但同时提出另一项事实以否定原告的诉讼请求。 (→affirmative defense)
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avoidable, adj. 1. Not inevitable; subject to prevention (an avoidable accident). practically avoidable. (Of harm) capable of being eliminated in whole or substantial part without the incurrence of prohibitive expense or hardship. 2. Capable of being refrained from (avoidable habits). 3. Voidable.
confession and avoidance. A plea in which a defendant admits allegations but pleads additional facts that deprive the admitted facts of an adverse legal effect. • For example, a plea of contributory negligence (before the advent of comparative negligence) was a confession and avoidance. — Also termed avoidance; plea in confession and avoidance; plea of
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Bankruptcy. The power of a bankruptcy trustee or debtor in possession to void certain transfers made or obligations incurred by a debtor, including fraudulent conveyances, preferences transferred to creditors, unperfected security interests in personal property, and unrecorded mortgages. 11 USCA §§ 544–553.
unavoidable accident 不可避免的事件 指在任何情况下，虽有当事人的正常注意仍不能阻止其发生的事件。它不是专指自然灾难事故，而是指事件发生的后果不能归咎于任何人。它说明事件的发生不是由行为人的过错所引起的，通常也没有任何人直接参与其中。(→accident；act of God；inevitable accident)
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