Bering Sea Dispute 白令海争端 美国、英国和加拿大三国关于白令海国际地位的争端。1881年美国基于控制阿拉斯加沿海捕猎海豹的企图，对全部白令海海域主张管辖权，但英国对此拒绝承认。在1886年及随后的几年里，美国扣押了在该海域捕猎海豹的船只，其中大部分是加拿大的。美国主张白令海同先前由俄国拥有阿拉斯加时一样，属于内海。1891年达成一项由美国和英国军舰共同负责该海域治安的协议，并签署了将该争端提交仲裁的条约。该仲裁于1893年在巴黎举行，裁决美国无权扣押船只，并确定了损害赔偿的数额。1911年及其随后几年里，缔结了一些有关海豹的条约，以控制在该海域捕猎海豹。
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arbitration of labor dispute 劳资纠纷仲裁 美国各州法律常规定，涉及公职人员的劳资纠纷需强制仲裁〔compulsory arbitration〕。
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dispute, n. A conflict or controversy, esp. one that has given rise to a particular lawsuit. — dispute, vb. major dispute. Labor law. Under the Railway Labor Act, a disagreement about basic working conditions, often resulting in a new collective-bargaining agreement or a change in the existing agreement. • Under the Act, two classes of
domestic dispute. A disturbance, usu. at a residence and usu. within a family, involving violence and often resulting in a call to a law-enforcement agency. — Also termed domestic disturbance; family disturbance. See domestic violence under VIOLENCE. [Cases: Breach of The Peace 17. C.J.S. Breach of the Peace §§ 14–15, 25; Domestic Abuse and Violence
Labor law. Under the Railway Labor Act, a disagreement about basic working conditions, often resulting in a new collective-bargaining agreement or a change in the existing agreement. • Under the Act, two classes of disputes — major and minor — are subject to mandatory arbitration. 45 USCA § 155. — Also termed new-contract dispute. [Cases:
alternative dispute resolution/ADR 替代纠纷解决程序 指使用诉讼以外的方法来解决纠纷，如仲裁、调解等。这种程序通常所花时间短、费用少，对商业和劳动争议、离婚、医疗事故等纠纷越来越多使用这种程序来解决。
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Contract Disputes Act of 1978 〈美〉《1978年合同纠纷法》该联邦法规定，承包商可以将政府缔约官处理有关合同索赔的决定诉诸索赔法院〔Court of Claims〕或相应的行政代理机构，经这些行政代理机构处理的决定还可由合同任一方向索赔法院上诉。
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major dispute 〈美〉主要争议 根据《铁路劳工法》〔Railway Labor Act〕，指涉及劳工的基本劳动条件，并通常导致新的集体合同或原有合同变更的一种争议。按照该法，主要争议与次要争议〔minor dispute〕均得强制性仲裁。 (→minor dispute)
dispute-resolution procedure. Intellectual property. A mechanism for resolving international grievances over intellectual-property protection, conducted by the World Trade Organization under the TRIPs Agreement. • The procedure begins with a complaint by one nation against another, followed by consultations between the nations, a WTO panel report on the issue, and (potentially) trade sanctions against one of
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