alternative dispute resolution. A procedure for settling a dispute by means other than litigation, such as arbitra-tion or mediation. — Abbr. ADR. — Also termed dispute resolution. See ARBITRATION; MEDIATION. [Cases: Arbitration 1. C.J.S. Arbitration §§ 2–3.] “ADR can be defined as encompassing all legally permitted processes of dispute resolution other than litigation. While this […]
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international dispute 国际争端 国家或其它国际法主体之间关于法律上或事实上的论点不一致、法律上的见解或利益的矛盾对立，系国际关系的一种表现形式。在国际法理论上，国际争端依其性质被分为法律性质的争端和政治性质的争端：前者争端当事方的要求和论据是以国际法所承认的理由为根据，可通过法律方法予以解决，又称为可裁判的争端〔justiciable dispute〕；后者基于当事方政治利益的冲突而发生，不涉及或不直接涉及法律问题，不能或不宜通过法律方法解决，而需通过政治外交途径解决，又称为不可裁判的争端〔nonjusticiable dispute〕。但在实践中，由于导致国际争端的原因往往很复杂，对某一争端作上述严格的划分是困难的。因此，国际争端的解决方法也没有固定模式。传统国际法把国际争端的解决方法分为强制性和非强制性两类：前者主要包括反报〔retortion〕、报复〔reprisals〕、平时封锁〔pacific blockade〕、干涉〔intervention〕，乃至战争或非战争使用武力；后者又分为政治方法和法律方法，政治方法包括谈判、斡旋〔good office〕、调停〔mediation〕、和解〔conciliation〕及国际调查〔investigation〕，法律方法包括国际仲裁和司法解决。现代国际法确立了和平解决国际争端原则，禁止使用武力或武力威胁及其他非和平方法解决国际争端。
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jurisdictional dispute 管辖争议 工会之间就其代表的工人或各自工人有权从事的特定工作所生争议。在美国，只有形成胁迫〔coercive〕才会由全国劳资关系委员会〔National Labor Relations Board〕举行听证会〔hearing〕以分派工作。
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labor dispute. A controversy between an employer and its employees concerning the terms or conditions of employment, or concerning the association or representation of those who negotiate or seek to negotiate the terms or conditions of employment. [Cases: Labor Relations 281. C.J.S. Labor Relations §§ 263–264.]
trade dispute. 1. Int’l law. A dispute between two or more countries arising from tariff rates or other matters related to international commerce. 2. Labor law. A dispute between an employer and employees over pay, working conditions, or other employment-related matters. • An employee who leaves during a trade dispute is not entitled to benefits
minor dispute 〈美〉次要争议 根据《铁路劳工法》〔Railway Labor Act〕，指就集体合同的解释或适用而发生的争议，与主要争议〔major dispute〕相对。 (→major dispute)
mediation of labor disputes 劳资纠纷的调解
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Alaska Boundary Dispute 阿拉斯加边界争端 美国与加拿大之间关于阿拉斯加最南端领土的争端。1867年美国由俄国买进阿拉斯加，其边界是依据《1825年英俄条约》〔Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825〕确定的。1896年以后，克郎代克河(加拿大西北部)周围地区淘金热的兴起使边界的确定变得重要起来。一个联合委员会对争端调解失败后，该案于1903年1月依约定交由6名中立的法学家组成的仲裁庭仲裁并于1903年10月20日作出了有利于美国的裁决。
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International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes. An organization created by the United Nations Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and the Nationals of Other States to help mediate and arbitrate disputes between member states and individuals who are citizens of other member states in an effort to promote continued private
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