quare clausum querentis fregit
quare clausum querentis fregit. See trespass quare clausum fregit under TRESPASS.
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Search Results for: FRE
Law French
Law French 法律法语 指自12世纪60年代到爱德华三世〔Edward Ⅲ，1327-1377〕统治时期用于法律文书和诉讼程序中的盎格鲁-诺曼语〔Anglo-Norman〕。这种法语直到18世纪早期还在法律文书中被经常使用。根据议会立法，于1733年最终废止。当最初引入英格兰时，这一类法语是在诺曼底〔Normandy〕使用的标准语言。到了14世纪，经过一种语言的隔离，它又变成了一种充斥着讹误的语言，当然这是以纯正的法语为比较对像而言的。在判例汇编中运用法律法语的现象一直持续到了17世纪末，晚至18世纪早期甚至还有人为法律法语而辩护。这些人认为：「实际上法律很难用英语来确切地表达。」尽管法律法语对讲英语的律师来说可能有一些艰深晦涩，但它确实在法律语言中留下了许多专业用语，如appeal, attainder, assault, arrest, counsel, defer, escheat, heir, indictment, joinder, laches, mortgage, nuisance, ouster, process, reverter, suit, tort, verdict等。法律法语通常是一门高度专门性的术语，并保留了许多古老的盎格鲁-诺曼语的特点，但最终仍被英语的语言形式、曲折变化、词序、词的配列等替代。因此，尽管英语中保留了许多法律法语的词汇，今天的英美法律师已不再试图以法律法语来交流了。
free exercise clause
free exercise clause 〈美〉宗教活动自由条款 美国宪法第一条修正案规定，政府不得干涉人们的宗教或宗教信仰形式。 (→establishment clause)
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customary freeholds
customary freeholds (英格兰古法)特许公簿地产(权)；自由公簿地产(权) 是一种经过特许的农奴制或农奴土地保有形式，区别于一般公簿地产权之处在于保有人是依据习惯而非领主的意志保有土地。其转让亦是通过弃让〔surrender〕和接纳〔admittance〕的方式进行，另外相关的习惯、附属权利和义务亦与普通公簿地产权类似。特许公簿地产分两种：１自由保有在领主的自由公簿地产〔free copyhold〕，它通过弃让与接纳方式转让；２自由保有在保有人的习惯自由保有地产〔customary freehold〕，其转让除需弃权与接纳仪式外，还需出让人与受让人之间有转让契据。特许公簿地产几乎仅存在于英格兰北部，亦被称作「tenant right」。另外，「customary freeholds」一词有时也被不精确地用来指原本是自由保有性质但转让方式却受特定习惯制约的地产。特许公簿地产1822年之后转为了农役保有地产。 (→copyhold; surrender; admittance; tenant-right)
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academic freedom
academic freedom. The right (esp. of a university teacher) to speak freely about political or ideological issues without fear of loss of position or other reprisal. [Cases: Colleges and Universities 8.1(3). C.J.S. Colleges and Universities § 25.]
contract of affreightment
contract of affreightment ([schwa]-frayt-m[schwa]nt).Maritime law. An agreement for carriage of goods by water. • A contract of affreightment may employ a bill of lading, a charterparty, or both to ship the goods. — Abbr. COA. — Also termed contract of carriage. See CHARTERPARTY. [Cases: Shipping 104. C.J.S. Shipping §§ 247–250, 252–254.]
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cost insurance and freight
cost, insurance, and freight. A mercantile-contract term allocating the rights and duties of the buyer and the seller of goods with respect to delivery, payment, and risk of loss, whereby the seller must (1) clear the goods for export, (2) arrange for transportation by water, (3) procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of damage during
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free from general average/FGA
free from general average/FGA (海上保险中指)共同海损免赔 有时指国外共同海损〔foreign general average〕,其确切含义须依据上下文决定。
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freedom of the press
The right to print and publish materials without governmental intervention, as guaranteed by the First Amendment. — Also termed liberty of the press. [Cases: Constitutional Law 90.1(8). C.J.S. Constitutional Law §§ 552, 554, 562–565, 597–598, 603–604.]
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