An election held by the National Labor Relations Board to decide whether a certain union will represent employees in a bargaining unit. See BARGAINING UNIT. [Cases: Labor Relations 210. C.J.S. Labor Relations §§ 191–192, 195–197, 203, 207–209.]
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An estoppel that arises when one makes a statement or admission that induces another person to believe something and that results in that person’s reasonable and detrimental reliance on the belief; esp., equitable estoppel. [Cases: Estoppel 82–87. C.J.S. Estoppel §§ 90–95.]
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necessary representation 必要代表 指国家和其他法人实体必须以个人为代表作为其行为的中介。
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A careless or inadvertent false statement in circumstances where care should have been taken. [Cases: Fraud 13(3).]
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fraudulent misrepresentation 欺诈性错误陈述 指对重要事实〔material fact〕作出虚假陈述，使对方当事人误信而陷于错误的认识，且基于这种错误认识进行某项行为，并由此遭受损害。欺诈性错误陈述人主观上既可以是明知所述为假，也可以是不问其是否明知所述真假而作出陈述。欺诈性错误陈述作为一种诉因可回溯至1201年，并与因违反保证中严格责任而生的诉讼相区别。
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A representation to which a reasonable person would attach importance in deciding his or her course of action in a transaction. • Material representation is a necessary element of an action for fraud. [Cases: Contracts 94(2); Fraud 18. C.J.S. Contracts §§ 156, 166.]
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representation, estoppel by. See estoppel by representation under ESTOPPEL.
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proportional representation. 1. An electoral system that allocates legislative seats to each political group in proportion to its popular voting strength. [Cases: Constitutional Law 225.3(10); Elections 12. C.J.S. Constitutional Law § 823; Elections§§ 8, 40(1).] 2. See proportional voting under VOTING. • The term refers to two related but distinguishable concepts: proportional outcome (having members
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jus presentationis (j[schwa]s prez-[schwa]n-tay-shee-oh-nis), n. [Latin] Civil law. The right to present a clerk to a church.
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doctrine of virtual representation 实际代表原则 依该原则，当许多具有共同利益的人作为一方当事人，因共同的标的而涉讼时，其中一部分人可代表其自身及其他人来维持该诉讼。在当前实践中，此种诉讼通常依集团诉讼的程序来进行。 (→class action)
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